{"status":true,"post":{"id":20579,"user_id":3,"status":1,"type":1,"orde":null,"notification_type":3,"static_post":0,"published_at":"2022-10-24 13:53:20","created_at":"2019-07-04T21:00:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-10-24T10:53:20.000000Z","edited_at":"2024-12-17 22:35:21","source_id":null,"post_id":20579,"is_featured":0,"title":"Orta sand\u0131\u011f\u0131","slider_title":null,"slider_title_2":null,"slider_spot_title":null,"slider_spot_title_2":null,"home_title":null,"sub_title":null,"category_id":73,"description":null,"content":" \t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t

Osmanl\u0131 medeniyetinin insan merkezli te\u015fkilatlar\u0131ndan birisi ahilik kurumudur. Toplumun birlik ve beraberli\u011finin ana temeli ve \u015femsiyesi olan ahilik, devlet-millet ad\u0131na dirlik, d\u00fczenlik ve b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fmeyi tesis etmi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/p>

\u0130\u015fte bu \u00f6nemli temellerden biri de \u2018orta sand\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019 uygulamas\u0131d\u0131r. Malum Devlet-i Aliye\u2019nin kurulu\u015f felsefesini, \u2018insan\u0131 ya\u015fat ki, devlet ya\u015fas\u0131n\u2019 ilkesi olu\u015fturur.<\/span>
Ahilik bu ilkenin prensipleri \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde kurulmu\u015f ve yakla\u015f\u0131k 600 y\u0131l, devletin en b\u00fcy\u00fck yard\u0131mc\u0131 kolu olma \u00f6zelli\u011fini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/span><\/p>

\u2018Orta sand\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ana gayesi, can ve mal b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc sa\u011flamak olmu\u015ftur. Can ve mal b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn muhafazas\u0131 da ancak yard\u0131mla\u015fma azmi ve niyetiyle m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131l\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>

Ahilik te\u015fkilatlar\u0131nda \u2018ahlaki kaidelere\u2019 daima sad\u0131k kal\u0131nm\u0131\u015f, hatta \u00f6yle hassas davran\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ki, hangi meslek kolunda olursa olsun, esnaf\u0131n h\u0131rsla a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 kazan\u00e7 sa\u011flamas\u0131 bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc i\u00e7erisinde tutulmu\u015ftur.<\/span><\/p>

Ahi birli\u011fine girmi\u015f esnaf\u0131n veya sanatk\u00e2r\u0131n kazanc\u0131 t\u00fcm\u00fcyle \u015fahs\u0131na ait olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f, kamunun hakk\u0131 ve kamuya harcanacak miktar g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde tutulmu\u015ftur. \u0130\u015fte bu anlamda esnaf\u0131n te\u015fkilat\u0131 ad\u0131na ba\u011f\u0131\u015f yapabilece\u011fi paralar \u2018orta sand\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019nda toplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>

***<\/strong><\/span><\/p>

Pek \u00e7ok meslek birli\u011finden olu\u015fan ahi te\u015fkilatlar\u0131n\u0131n hemen her birine ait \u2018orta sand\u0131klar\u0131\u2019 kurulmu\u015f, \u2018orta sand\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bir di\u011fer ad\u0131na da \u2018teav\u00fcn sand\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019 denilmi\u015ftir. Yani yard\u0131mla\u015fma sand\u0131\u011f\u0131 demektir.<\/span><\/p>

Birliklerdeki \u2018orta sand\u0131klar\u0131\u2019, te\u015fkilat\u0131n i\u00e7erisinde ayr\u0131 bir \u015fube olarak yer alm\u0131\u015f ve g\u00fcvenilir kimseler taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilmi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/p>

Elbet ortada bir sand\u0131k varsa, geliri de gideri de olmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6nce gelirlerine bakal\u0131m:<\/span>
* Ahilik te\u015fkilat\u0131nda girmi\u015f esnaftan al\u0131nan aidatlar.<\/span>
* G\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc yap\u0131lan ba\u011f\u0131\u015flar.<\/span>
* Yamakl\u0131ktan \u00e7\u0131rakl\u0131\u011fa, \u00e7\u0131rakl\u0131ktan kalfal\u0131\u011fa, kalfal\u0131ktan ustal\u0131\u011fa y\u00fckselirken \u00f6denen har\u00e7lar.<\/span>
* Birli\u011fe ait m\u00fclklerden elde edilen gelirler.<\/span>
* Askere giden kalfa veya ustan\u0131n e\u015fi ve \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 i\u00e7in toplanan yard\u0131mlar.<\/span>
Bu gelirler, ayn\u0131 hesapta toplanmaz, her biri i\u00e7in ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 hesap tutulur ve yine yard\u0131m cinsine g\u00f6re kime ve nereye ne kadar yard\u0131m edilecekse gere\u011fi yap\u0131l\u0131rm\u0131\u015f. \u015eimdi de giderlerine bakal\u0131m:<\/span>
* Birlik i\u00e7in gerekli harcamalar.<\/span>
* Te\u015fkilata ait ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar\u0131n tamir ve bak\u0131m masraf\u0131!<\/span>
* \u00c7e\u015fitli vergiler.<\/span>
* G\u00f6revlilerin ayl\u0131k \u00fccretleri!<\/span>
* \u00c7ar\u015f\u0131n\u0131n veya \u015fehrin y\u00f6netimine dair esnaf toplant\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n giderleri!<\/span>
* Fakir ve muhta\u00e7 ailelere yap\u0131lan yard\u0131mlar.<\/span>
* Ahi birliklerine ba\u011fl\u0131 \u00fcyelere i\u015f yeri a\u00e7mak i\u00e7in verilen uzun ve k\u0131sa vadeli krediler.<\/span>
* Te\u015fkilata gelir getirece\u011fine inan\u0131lan m\u00fclklerin sat\u0131n al\u0131nmas\u0131.<\/span>
* \u0130flas\u0131n e\u015fi\u011fine gelmi\u015f esnafa, g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fczlere, \u00f6z\u00fcrl\u00fclere, hasta ve ya\u015fl\u0131lara, bak\u0131ma muhta\u00e7 kimselere yap\u0131lan yard\u0131mlar.<\/span>
* \u00c7\u0131raklar\u0131n ve kalfalar\u0131n kat\u0131lacaklar\u0131 kurs ve e\u011fitimlerin masraflar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6denmesi!<\/span><\/p>

***<\/strong><\/span><\/p>

\u2018Orta sand\u0131klar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra bir de \u2018alt\u0131 kese\u2019 olarak tabir edilen bir sistem daha varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/span><\/p>

\u2018Alt\u0131 kese\u2019 hakk\u0131nda da \u015fu bilgilere yer verilmi\u015ftir. \u2018Alt\u0131 kese\u2019den kastedilen torbalard\u0131r.<\/span>
* Birinci keseye, \u2018atlas kese\u2019 denilmi\u015ftir. Sand\u0131\u011fa ait her t\u00fcrl\u00fc s\u00f6zle\u015fme, yaz\u0131\u015fma ve bilgi notlar\u0131 muhafaza edilmi\u015ftir.<\/span>
* \u0130kinci keseye, \u2018ye\u015fil kese\u2019 denilmi\u015ftir. Bu kesede esnafa ait vak\u0131f gelirleri, senetler ve m\u00fclklere ait tapular saklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span>
* \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc keseye, \u2018k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 kese\u2019 ad\u0131 verilmi\u015ftir. Bunda da gelir getiren evraklar ve senetler saklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span>
* D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc keseye, \u2018\u00f6rme kese\u2019 denilmi\u015f ve sand\u0131\u011f\u0131n nakit paralar\u0131 muhafaza edilmi\u015ftir.<\/span>
* Be\u015finci keseye, \u2018ak kese\u2019 ismi verilmi\u015f; bu kesede de her t\u00fcrl\u00fc giderin vesikalar\u0131yla, ge\u00e7mi\u015f y\u0131llara ait hesap pusulalar\u0131 bulunmu\u015ftur.<\/span>
* Alt\u0131nc\u0131 keseye, \u2018siyah kese\u2019 denilmi\u015ftir. Birli\u011fin ad\u0131na yahut \u00fcye esnaf ad\u0131na tahsil edilmemi\u015f, \u00f6denmemi\u015f alacak senetleri yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>

Evet, s\u00f6z\u00fcn sonu biraz ac\u0131. Maalesef bu uygulama 1909 y\u0131l\u0131nda sona ermi\u015f.<\/span><\/p> \t\t\t\t","slug":"orta-sandigi","tags":"K\u00f6\u015fe Yaz\u0131s\u0131","meta_title":"Orta sand\u0131\u011f\u0131","meta_description":"H\u00fcseyin \u00d6zt\u00fcrk","meta_keywords":"K\u00f6\u015fe Yaz\u0131s\u0131","news_cover_min":null,"news_cover":null,"news_video_min":null,"news_video":null,"view_count":1279,"cropped_1200x675":null,"user":{"id":3,"name":"H\u00dcSEY\u0130N","surname":"\u00d6ZT\u00dcRK","email":"ada.tokatlioglu@turk.net","slug":"huseyin-ozturk","avatar":"\/front\/uploads\/avatar\/1733691600d1camTRk8GL2Xc5.webp","status":1,"role":1,"email_verified_at":null,"orde":null,"created_at":"2022-09-15T09:39:41.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-12-18T14:51:11.000000Z","seo_title":null,"seo_description":null},"translations":[{"id":20678,"is_featured":0,"is_amp":0,"is_ads":0,"ads_link":null,"post_id":20579,"locale":"tr","category_id":73,"title":"Orta sand\u0131\u011f\u0131","home_title":null,"sub_title":null,"slider_title":null,"slider_title_2":null,"slider_spot_title":null,"slider_spot_title_2":null,"subtitleuse":0,"description":null,"content":" \t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t

Osmanl\u0131 medeniyetinin insan merkezli te\u015fkilatlar\u0131ndan birisi ahilik kurumudur. Toplumun birlik ve beraberli\u011finin ana temeli ve \u015femsiyesi olan ahilik, devlet-millet ad\u0131na dirlik, d\u00fczenlik ve b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fmeyi tesis etmi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/p>

\u0130\u015fte bu \u00f6nemli temellerden biri de \u2018orta sand\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019 uygulamas\u0131d\u0131r. Malum Devlet-i Aliye\u2019nin kurulu\u015f felsefesini, \u2018insan\u0131 ya\u015fat ki, devlet ya\u015fas\u0131n\u2019 ilkesi olu\u015fturur.<\/span>
Ahilik bu ilkenin prensipleri \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde kurulmu\u015f ve yakla\u015f\u0131k 600 y\u0131l, devletin en b\u00fcy\u00fck yard\u0131mc\u0131 kolu olma \u00f6zelli\u011fini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/span><\/p>

\u2018Orta sand\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ana gayesi, can ve mal b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc sa\u011flamak olmu\u015ftur. Can ve mal b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn muhafazas\u0131 da ancak yard\u0131mla\u015fma azmi ve niyetiyle m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131l\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>

Ahilik te\u015fkilatlar\u0131nda \u2018ahlaki kaidelere\u2019 daima sad\u0131k kal\u0131nm\u0131\u015f, hatta \u00f6yle hassas davran\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ki, hangi meslek kolunda olursa olsun, esnaf\u0131n h\u0131rsla a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 kazan\u00e7 sa\u011flamas\u0131 bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc i\u00e7erisinde tutulmu\u015ftur.<\/span><\/p>

Ahi birli\u011fine girmi\u015f esnaf\u0131n veya sanatk\u00e2r\u0131n kazanc\u0131 t\u00fcm\u00fcyle \u015fahs\u0131na ait olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f, kamunun hakk\u0131 ve kamuya harcanacak miktar g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde tutulmu\u015ftur. \u0130\u015fte bu anlamda esnaf\u0131n te\u015fkilat\u0131 ad\u0131na ba\u011f\u0131\u015f yapabilece\u011fi paralar \u2018orta sand\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019nda toplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>

***<\/strong><\/span><\/p>

Pek \u00e7ok meslek birli\u011finden olu\u015fan ahi te\u015fkilatlar\u0131n\u0131n hemen her birine ait \u2018orta sand\u0131klar\u0131\u2019 kurulmu\u015f, \u2018orta sand\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bir di\u011fer ad\u0131na da \u2018teav\u00fcn sand\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019 denilmi\u015ftir. Yani yard\u0131mla\u015fma sand\u0131\u011f\u0131 demektir.<\/span><\/p>

Birliklerdeki \u2018orta sand\u0131klar\u0131\u2019, te\u015fkilat\u0131n i\u00e7erisinde ayr\u0131 bir \u015fube olarak yer alm\u0131\u015f ve g\u00fcvenilir kimseler taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilmi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/p>

Elbet ortada bir sand\u0131k varsa, geliri de gideri de olmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6nce gelirlerine bakal\u0131m:<\/span>
* Ahilik te\u015fkilat\u0131nda girmi\u015f esnaftan al\u0131nan aidatlar.<\/span>
* G\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc yap\u0131lan ba\u011f\u0131\u015flar.<\/span>
* Yamakl\u0131ktan \u00e7\u0131rakl\u0131\u011fa, \u00e7\u0131rakl\u0131ktan kalfal\u0131\u011fa, kalfal\u0131ktan ustal\u0131\u011fa y\u00fckselirken \u00f6denen har\u00e7lar.<\/span>
* Birli\u011fe ait m\u00fclklerden elde edilen gelirler.<\/span>
* Askere giden kalfa veya ustan\u0131n e\u015fi ve \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 i\u00e7in toplanan yard\u0131mlar.<\/span>
Bu gelirler, ayn\u0131 hesapta toplanmaz, her biri i\u00e7in ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 hesap tutulur ve yine yard\u0131m cinsine g\u00f6re kime ve nereye ne kadar yard\u0131m edilecekse gere\u011fi yap\u0131l\u0131rm\u0131\u015f. \u015eimdi de giderlerine bakal\u0131m:<\/span>
* Birlik i\u00e7in gerekli harcamalar.<\/span>
* Te\u015fkilata ait ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar\u0131n tamir ve bak\u0131m masraf\u0131!<\/span>
* \u00c7e\u015fitli vergiler.<\/span>
* G\u00f6revlilerin ayl\u0131k \u00fccretleri!<\/span>
* \u00c7ar\u015f\u0131n\u0131n veya \u015fehrin y\u00f6netimine dair esnaf toplant\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n giderleri!<\/span>
* Fakir ve muhta\u00e7 ailelere yap\u0131lan yard\u0131mlar.<\/span>
* Ahi birliklerine ba\u011fl\u0131 \u00fcyelere i\u015f yeri a\u00e7mak i\u00e7in verilen uzun ve k\u0131sa vadeli krediler.<\/span>
* Te\u015fkilata gelir getirece\u011fine inan\u0131lan m\u00fclklerin sat\u0131n al\u0131nmas\u0131.<\/span>
* \u0130flas\u0131n e\u015fi\u011fine gelmi\u015f esnafa, g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fczlere, \u00f6z\u00fcrl\u00fclere, hasta ve ya\u015fl\u0131lara, bak\u0131ma muhta\u00e7 kimselere yap\u0131lan yard\u0131mlar.<\/span>
* \u00c7\u0131raklar\u0131n ve kalfalar\u0131n kat\u0131lacaklar\u0131 kurs ve e\u011fitimlerin masraflar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6denmesi!<\/span><\/p>

***<\/strong><\/span><\/p>

\u2018Orta sand\u0131klar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra bir de \u2018alt\u0131 kese\u2019 olarak tabir edilen bir sistem daha varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/span><\/p>

\u2018Alt\u0131 kese\u2019 hakk\u0131nda da \u015fu bilgilere yer verilmi\u015ftir. \u2018Alt\u0131 kese\u2019den kastedilen torbalard\u0131r.<\/span>
* Birinci keseye, \u2018atlas kese\u2019 denilmi\u015ftir. Sand\u0131\u011fa ait her t\u00fcrl\u00fc s\u00f6zle\u015fme, yaz\u0131\u015fma ve bilgi notlar\u0131 muhafaza edilmi\u015ftir.<\/span>
* \u0130kinci keseye, \u2018ye\u015fil kese\u2019 denilmi\u015ftir. Bu kesede esnafa ait vak\u0131f gelirleri, senetler ve m\u00fclklere ait tapular saklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span>
* \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc keseye, \u2018k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 kese\u2019 ad\u0131 verilmi\u015ftir. Bunda da gelir getiren evraklar ve senetler saklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span>
* D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc keseye, \u2018\u00f6rme kese\u2019 denilmi\u015f ve sand\u0131\u011f\u0131n nakit paralar\u0131 muhafaza edilmi\u015ftir.<\/span>
* Be\u015finci keseye, \u2018ak kese\u2019 ismi verilmi\u015f; bu kesede de her t\u00fcrl\u00fc giderin vesikalar\u0131yla, ge\u00e7mi\u015f y\u0131llara ait hesap pusulalar\u0131 bulunmu\u015ftur.<\/span>
* Alt\u0131nc\u0131 keseye, \u2018siyah kese\u2019 denilmi\u015ftir. Birli\u011fin ad\u0131na yahut \u00fcye esnaf ad\u0131na tahsil edilmemi\u015f, \u00f6denmemi\u015f alacak senetleri yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>

Evet, s\u00f6z\u00fcn sonu biraz ac\u0131. Maalesef bu uygulama 1909 y\u0131l\u0131nda sona ermi\u015f.<\/span><\/p> \t\t\t\t","slug":"orta-sandigi","orjinalimage":null,"news_cover_min":null,"news_cover":null,"news_video_min":null,"news_video":null,"cropped_638x552":null,"cropped_310x208":null,"cropped_416x247":null,"cropped_197x247":null,"cropped_416x600":null,"cropped_1200x675":null,"tags":"K\u00f6\u015fe Yaz\u0131s\u0131","meta_title":"Orta sand\u0131\u011f\u0131","meta_description":"H\u00fcseyin \u00d6zt\u00fcrk","meta_keywords":"K\u00f6\u015fe Yaz\u0131s\u0131","view_count":1279,"yt":0,"ytid":"","ytimage":null,"imgdate":"2000-01-01 00:00:00","cuff_cover":null,"cropped_358x214":null,"cropped_842x474":null}]}}