{"status":true,"post":{"id":28936,"user_id":30,"status":1,"type":1,"orde":null,"notification_type":3,"static_post":0,"published_at":"2022-10-24 15:52:06","created_at":"2021-10-14T21:00:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-10-24T12:52:06.000000Z","edited_at":"2024-12-17 22:35:21","source_id":null,"post_id":28936,"is_featured":0,"title":"\u00c7okuluslu \u015firketler i\u00e7in g\u00f6zde k\u0131ta Afrika","slider_title":null,"slider_title_2":null,"slider_spot_title":null,"slider_spot_title_2":null,"home_title":null,"sub_title":null,"category_id":73,"description":null,"content":" \t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t

PROF. DR. AHMET KAVAS<\/strong><\/span><\/p>

\u00c7okuluslu \u015firketlerin d\u00fcnya genelinde say\u0131s\u0131, 1990\u2019da 37 bin kadard\u0131. 2020\u2019de ise 100 bini ge\u00e7ti. Bu \u015firketler, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerinde kendilerine ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 900 bin kadar \u015firkette 85 milyondan fazla insan\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yor. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fan say\u0131s\u0131 gittik\u00e7e artarken \u00f6zellikle Afrika \u00fclkeleri tercihli hale geliyor.<\/strong><\/span>
<\/strong><\/span>
G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki t\u00fcm ticaretin y\u00fczde 80\u2019i art\u0131k \u00e7okuluslu \u015firketler taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netiliyor. 2000\u2019de d\u00fcnyan\u0131n 100 b\u00fcy\u00fck dev \u015firketinden 51\u2019i \u00f6zel giri\u015fimcilere, 49\u2019u ise devletlere aitti. 2017\u2019de Afrika\u2019ya da ciddi y\u00f6neli\u015fler ba\u015flad\u0131. Bug\u00fcn k\u0131tadaki t\u00fcm i\u015fletmelerin y\u00fczde 60\u2019tan fazlas\u0131 \u00e7okuluslu \u015firketlere ait.<\/strong><\/span>
<\/strong><\/span>
Avrupa s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fiyle d\u00fcnya ticaret gelene\u011fine yeni bir kavram giriyordu: \u00c7okuluslu \u015firketler\u2026 Ticari hayatta s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 a\u015fanlar\u0131n faaliyetlerinin ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz 500 y\u0131l\u0131 incelendi\u011finde, aslan pay\u0131n\u0131 Avrupal\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilere vermemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fil. Zaten bir anlamda s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fin yerini alabilecek en uygun kelimenin \u2018\u00e7okuluslu \u015firket\u2019 kisvesi ile devam\u0131 tesad\u00fcf olamaz. End\u00fcl\u00fcs\u2019te 8. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131ndan itibaren varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren M\u00fcsl\u00fcman y\u00f6netiminden kurtulmay\u0131 ak\u0131llar\u0131ndan hi\u00e7 \u00e7\u0131karmad\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in biti\u015fine kadar aradan ge\u00e7en 900 y\u0131la ra\u011fmen Papal\u0131\u011f\u0131n tahriklerini harfiyen uygulad\u0131lar. Her ne kadar yeni co\u011frafyalar\u0131n ke\u015ffinde ilk istikametleri belirleyenler \u0130spanyollar ve Portekizler idiyse de d\u00fcnya ticaretinde en etkin ve geni\u015f a\u011flar\u0131 kuranlar Frans\u0131zlar, <\/span>\u0130ngilizler ve Hollandal\u0131lar oldu. <\/span>
<\/span>
LONDRA\u2019DA BA\u015eLADI<\/strong><\/span>
<\/span>
Kurulan en b\u00fcy\u00fck ilk 50 s\u00f6m\u00fcrge \u015firket i\u00e7inde Frans\u0131zlar 24, \u0130ngilizler 12, Hollandal\u0131lar ise 6 ile ba\u015f\u0131 \u00e7ekiyordu. <\/span><\/p>

1555\u2019te \u0130ngiltere\u2019de kurulan Moskova \u015eirketi (Moscovy Company) ile ba\u015flayan bu faaliyetler, 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131na kadar geleneksel usul\u00fc ile artarak devam etti. Genelde G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019da \u00dcmit Burnu\u2019nu a\u015fmak \u00fczere \u015fekillenen Do\u011fu Hindistan \u015eirketleri, her \u00fc\u00e7 devlet\u00e7e kurulan t\u00fcm \u015firketlerin mamul madde g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcp yerel hammadde getirmeleri sayesinde ilk n\u00fcvelerini olu\u015fturdu. \u00d6zellikle 1602\u2019de kurulan Hollanda Do\u011fu Hindistan \u015eirketi, onlarca k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u015firketin birle\u015ferek olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 sebebiyle kendisinden sonrakiler i\u00e7in bir model te\u015fkil etti. Hatta bu uygulamalar \u00e7ok erken d\u00f6nemde Amsterdam, Londra ve Paris borsalar\u0131n\u0131n \u015fekillenmelerine de vesile oldu. Zamanla Bat\u0131 Afrika k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131ndaki faaliyetleri de bunlara ilave edildi ve 10 kadar kurulan yeni \u015firketle giderek bu k\u0131ta ile al\u0131\u015fveri\u015fe de \u00f6nem verdiler. Hatta d\u00fcnya tarihinin en b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00f6le ticaretini buradan ald\u0131klar\u0131 h\u00fcr insanlar\u0131 k\u00f6lele\u015ftirerek \u00f6zellikle Amerika\u2019ya as\u0131rlarca ta\u015f\u0131malar\u0131 ile adeta en k\u00e2rl\u0131 i\u015flerini yapt\u0131lar. Avrupa\u2019da \u00fcretilen bilhassa ate\u015fli silahlar olmak \u00fczere t\u00fcm mamul maddeler, deniz a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 co\u011frafyalara g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcp sat\u0131l\u0131r ve kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ticari de\u011feri olan yerel \u00fcr\u00fcnler al\u0131n\u0131p getirilirdi. Ancak bu gelenekle\u015fen beynelmilel ticaret a\u011flar\u0131, onlar\u0131 kuranlar yok olsalar da tarihteki g\u00fc\u00e7lerinden hi\u00e7bir \u015fey kaybetmedikleri gibi zamanla teknolojik imkanlar\u0131n artmalar\u0131yla birlikte devaml\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitlenerek hemen hemen hayat\u0131n her alan\u0131nda kendilerini g\u00f6stermeye devam ediyor.<\/span>
<\/span>
G\u00dcN\u00dcM\u00dcZ TEMS\u0130LC\u0130LER\u0130<\/strong><\/span>
<\/span>
K\u0131saca \u2018\u00e7okuluslu\u2019 denildi\u011finde anla\u015f\u0131lan, asl\u0131nda \u00e7okuluslu firma ya da transnasyonel \u015firket, yani bir devletin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015farak ba\u015fka \u00fclkelerde kendisine ba\u011fl\u0131 \u015firketler kuran firma akla gelir. 21. y\u00fczy\u0131la girmeye ramak kala, yani bundan 30 y\u0131l \u00f6ncesinde 1990 y\u0131l\u0131nda d\u00fcnyada \u00e7okuluslu 37 bin \u015firket vard\u0131. 2020\u2019li y\u0131llara geldi\u011fimizde bunlar\u0131n say\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131k 100 bini a\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve d\u00fcnyan\u0131n farkl\u0131 co\u011frafyalar\u0131ndaki 900 bin kadar ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 \u015firketlerinde 85 milyondan fazla insan\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 tespit edilmi\u015fti. \u015eimdilerde bu say\u0131lar daha da artarken, \u00f6zellikle Afrika \u00fclkeleri ciddi anlamda tercihli hale geldi. Zira Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler Ticaret ve Kalk\u0131nma Konferans\u0131\u2019na g\u00f6re 1980 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00e7okuluslu \u015firketlerin say\u0131s\u0131 sadece 7 bin kadard\u0131. O zamanlar toplam 1 trilyon 600 milyarl\u0131k ticaret hacimleri varken, art\u0131k 8.5 trilyon dolarlar\u0131 zorluyorlar. Bu haliyle de yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki t\u00fcm ticaretin y\u00fczde 80\u2019i art\u0131k \u00e7okuluslu \u015firketler taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netiliyor. 2000 y\u0131l\u0131nda d\u00fcnyan\u0131n 100 b\u00fcy\u00fck dev \u015firketinden 51\u2019i \u00f6zel giri\u015fimcilere, 49\u2019u ise devletlere aitti. Hepsi genelde ba\u015fka bir \u00fclkede do\u011frudan yat\u0131r\u0131m \u015feklinde faaliyet g\u00f6steriyor. Bu t\u00fcr firmalar\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7te ikisi Asya \u00fclkelerini tercih ederken, Afrika bu alanda hen\u00fcz en fazla y\u00fczde 5 gibi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck bir yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131 \u00e7ekiyor. 2017\u2019de Afrika\u2019ya da ciddi y\u00f6neli\u015fler ba\u015flad\u0131. Bug\u00fcn k\u0131tadaki t\u00fcm i\u015fletmelerin y\u00fczde 60\u2019tan fazlas\u0131 \u00e7okuluslu \u015firketlere ait.<\/span>
<\/span>
\u00c7okuluslu firmalar\u0131n i\u00e7lerinde uzun zamand\u0131r maddi olarak bir\u00e7ok devletten g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc firmalar\u0131n oldu\u011fu, mesela daha 1990 y\u0131l\u0131nda ABD\u2019li Ford \u015firketi b\u00fct\u00e7esinin Norve\u00e7\u2019in devlet b\u00fct\u00e7esine e\u015fit oldu\u011fu ifade ediliyordu. Art\u0131k bu y\u00fczy\u0131la mahsus bir tabirle \u00fc\u00e7gen diplomasisinde h\u00fck\u00fcmetler, i\u015fletmeler, i\u015fletmeler-h\u00fck\u00fcmetler \u015feklinde bir ili\u015fkiler a\u011f\u0131ndan bahsediliyor.<\/span>
<\/span>
AFR\u0130KA AKT\u00d6RLER\u0130<\/strong><\/span>
<\/span>
Bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k, petrol, do\u011falgaz ve her \u00e7e\u015fit maden i\u015fletmecili\u011fi, kara, deniz ve hava yollar\u0131 ile ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131k, bankalar ve finans kurumlar\u0131, turizm ve otelcilik, eczac\u0131l\u0131k, enerji, liman hizmetleri, ileti\u015fim, g\u0131da sanayi, dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131k ofisleri, altyap\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 dahil her t\u00fcrl\u00fc in\u015faat gibi birbirinden farkl\u0131 alanlarda Afrika, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck firmalar\u0131na ev sahipli\u011fi yap\u0131yor. <\/span>
<\/span>
Kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 etkile\u015fimlerin h\u0131zla geli\u015fti\u011fi d\u00fcnyam\u0131zda Afrikal\u0131 m\u00fcteahhitler de uluslararas\u0131 sahada yer al\u0131yor. Mesela Nijeryal\u0131 Aliko Dangote, tek ba\u015f\u0131na kendi ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan \u015firketler toplulu\u011funun ba\u015fkan\u0131 olarak y\u0131ll\u0131k 3 milyar dolarl\u0131k i\u015f hacmini yakalam\u0131\u015f durumda. Sadece Dangote Cement isimli \u00e7imento \u015firketi ile Sahraalt\u0131 Afrika\u2019n\u0131n bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkesinin bu sanayindeki tekeline sahip. 2015\u2019te \u00fcretti\u011fi 46 milyon ton \u00e7imento ile d\u00fcnyada 6. s\u0131raya yerle\u015ferek Frans\u0131z Lafarge, Hollandal\u0131 Holcim ve Alman Heidelberg Cement ile k\u0131yas\u0131ya rekabet i\u00e7inde. Benin Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin Petrolin \u015firketi de son y\u0131llarda etkinli\u011fini t\u00fcm k\u0131ta kadar Ortado\u011fu\u2019da hissettiriyor. Yine M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131 Orascom \u00e7imento, ileti\u015fim ve g\u00f6rsel yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131kta olduk\u00e7a iddial\u0131.<\/span>
<\/span>
Hatta Fransa\u2019n\u0131n Lyon kentindeki Euronews\u2019in en b\u00fcy\u00fck hissedar\u0131 oldu. Cezayir\u2019den Cevital ise Ruanda ve Brezilya gibi olduk\u00e7a uzak pazarlara a\u00e7\u0131labildi. Bunlara ilaveten petrol \u00f6ncelikli olmak \u00fczere yine Cezayir\u2019de Sonatrach, petrol pazarlamac\u0131s\u0131 G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019dan Salan ve Bidvest ile enerjide de Estom ve Sasol ile telekom\u00fcnikasyonda MTN gibi dev firmalar b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckleri ile olduk\u00e7a etkili.<\/span>
<\/span>
TERC\u0130HLER\u0130 G\u00dcNEY AFR\u0130KA<\/strong><\/span>
<\/strong><\/span>
Yak\u0131n zamana kadar \u00e7okuluslu \u015firketlerin G\u00fcney Afrika Cumhuriyeti\u2019ne a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 derecede y\u00fcklendikleri bir ger\u00e7ekti. 2015\u2019te yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda do\u011frudan yat\u0131r\u0131m say\u0131s\u0131 705 olup bunun 118\u2019inin G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019da olmas\u0131 tesad\u00fcf de\u011fildi. Ger\u00e7i bilhassa \u015fehir merkezlerinde can g\u00fcvenli\u011fi tehdidi G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019n\u0131n kolay yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda belli bir tehdit olarak alg\u0131lan\u0131yor. Yine 85\u2019inin Kenya\u2019da, 71\u2019inin Fas Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019nda, 59\u2019unun M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da, 51\u2019inin Nijerya\u2019da ve 40\u2019\u0131n\u0131n da Gana\u2019da bulunmalar\u0131, bu \u00fclkelerin di\u011ferlerinden fark\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor. Her birinin temel hedefi, yapaca\u011f\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mdan kazan\u00e7 elde etmek oldu\u011fundan buna her a\u00e7\u0131dan en uygun yeri tercih ediyorlar. Her \u015feyden \u00f6nce ev sahibi devlette istikrar ve g\u00fcvenlik en temel \u015fart oluyor. Bunun i\u00e7in gerekli yol, su ve elektrik, ileti\u015fim gibi hayati alanlardaki yap\u0131lanmalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nceden tamamlanmas\u0131, yeti\u015fmi\u015f insan unsurunun temininde s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131 \u00e7ekilmemesi ve daha ucuz i\u015f\u00e7ilik maliyeti gerekiyor. Hukuk d\u00fczeninin uluslararas\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclerde bulunmas\u0131 me\u015fhur firmalar\u0131 buraya \u00e7ekiyor. Pazar ekonomisine uzun y\u0131llar \u00f6nce ge\u00e7ilmesi, madencilik, her t\u00fcrl\u00fc sanayi alan\u0131nda ilerleme kaydedilmesi ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc finans d\u00fczeninin kurulmas\u0131 bu \u00fclkeyi cazip hale getiriyor. <\/span>
<\/span>
YEN\u0130 ROLLER<\/strong><\/span>
<\/span>
Afrika\u2019da \u00e7okuluslu \u015firketlerin faaliyet alanlar\u0131 \u015fimdilerde s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik d\u00f6nemlerindeki gibi bu k\u0131taya mamul madde getirip limanlarda bo\u015falan gemilere hammadde y\u00fcklenmesinden ibaret de\u011fil. Her t\u00fcrl\u00fc ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda yerelden temin edip orada \u00fcretip do\u011frudan o \u00fclkedeki t\u00fcketiciye sunma, \u00fcretim fazlas\u0131n\u0131 ise yak\u0131n kom\u015fu \u00fclkelerden ba\u015flamak \u00fczere m\u00fc\u015fterisi bulunan t\u00fcm co\u011frafyalara ihra\u00e7 etmeye y\u00f6nelik hale geldi.<\/span>
<\/strong><\/span>
\u00c7OKULUSLU \u015e\u0130RKET KAR\u015eITLI\u011eI<\/strong><\/span>
<\/span>
Afrikal\u0131lar aras\u0131nda hi\u00e7 de k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmsenemeyecek bir kesim, \u00e7okuluslu \u015firketlerin sadece kendi menfaatlerinden ba\u015fka bir \u015fey d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmemeleri sebebiyle her t\u00fcrl\u00fc dayatmalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. Yeralt\u0131 ve yer\u00fcst\u00fcnde bulduklar\u0131 her t\u00fcrl\u00fc kayna\u011f\u0131 son par\u00e7as\u0131na kadar al\u0131p g\u00f6t\u00fcrmelerine her g\u00fcn \u015fahit oluyorlar. Genelde i\u00e7inden \u00e7\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131 zor konulardan biri, bu \u015firketlerin yerel kadrolar\u0131n\u0131 Afrikal\u0131lar\u2019dan se\u00e7erek daha makul yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 deneyenler var. Bu da hem k\u0131ta yerlisi \u015firketlere hem \u00e7okuluslulara yerel kadrolara g\u00fcveni art\u0131r\u0131yor. Art\u0131k bir\u00e7ok \u015fubenin k\u0131ta sorumlular\u0131 bunlar\u0131n aras\u0131ndan tayin ediliyor.<\/span>
<\/span>
\u00c7okuluslu \u015firketler ile yerel siyasi d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmler aras\u0131nda ciddi ba\u011flant\u0131lar kurulabiliyor ve bir\u00e7ok askeri darbenin perde arkas\u0131nda bu t\u00fcr n\u00fcfuzlar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 genelde sorgulan\u0131yor. K\u0131ta \u00fclkelerinde giderek artan \u015fiddet olaylar\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan nas\u0131l bir etki yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 da merak edilen konular aras\u0131nda. En \u00e7ok tenkit edilen konulardan biri ise alt\u0131n dahil olmak \u00fczere bilhassa k\u0131ymetli madenlerin yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda gerekli vergilerin verilmemesidir. Bilhassa B\u00fcy\u00fck G\u00f6ller b\u00f6lgesinde \u00e7ok s\u0131k rastlan\u0131lan bir durum.<\/span><\/p> \t\t\t\t","slug":"cokuluslu-sirketler-icin-gozde-kita-afrika","tags":"K\u00f6\u015fe Yaz\u0131s\u0131","meta_title":"\u00c7okuluslu \u015firketler i\u00e7in g\u00f6zde k\u0131ta Afrika","meta_description":"PROF. DR. AHMET KAVAS","meta_keywords":"K\u00f6\u015fe Yaz\u0131s\u0131","news_cover_min":null,"news_cover":null,"news_video_min":null,"news_video":null,"view_count":1093,"cropped_1200x675":null,"user":{"id":30,"name":"AHMET","surname":"KAVAS","email":"prof-dr-ahmet-kavas@gmail.com","slug":"prof-dr-ahmet-kavas","avatar":"\/front\/uploads\/avatar\/17336916002RXDhDXyMw3kEXW.webp","status":1,"role":1,"email_verified_at":null,"orde":null,"created_at":"2022-10-24T11:09:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-12-18T09:44:44.000000Z","seo_title":null,"seo_description":null},"translations":[{"id":29035,"is_featured":0,"is_amp":0,"is_ads":0,"ads_link":null,"post_id":28936,"locale":"tr","category_id":73,"title":"\u00c7okuluslu \u015firketler i\u00e7in g\u00f6zde k\u0131ta Afrika","home_title":null,"sub_title":null,"slider_title":null,"slider_title_2":null,"slider_spot_title":null,"slider_spot_title_2":null,"subtitleuse":0,"description":null,"content":" \t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t

PROF. DR. AHMET KAVAS<\/strong><\/span><\/p>

\u00c7okuluslu \u015firketlerin d\u00fcnya genelinde say\u0131s\u0131, 1990\u2019da 37 bin kadard\u0131. 2020\u2019de ise 100 bini ge\u00e7ti. Bu \u015firketler, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerinde kendilerine ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 900 bin kadar \u015firkette 85 milyondan fazla insan\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yor. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fan say\u0131s\u0131 gittik\u00e7e artarken \u00f6zellikle Afrika \u00fclkeleri tercihli hale geliyor.<\/strong><\/span>
<\/strong><\/span>
G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki t\u00fcm ticaretin y\u00fczde 80\u2019i art\u0131k \u00e7okuluslu \u015firketler taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netiliyor. 2000\u2019de d\u00fcnyan\u0131n 100 b\u00fcy\u00fck dev \u015firketinden 51\u2019i \u00f6zel giri\u015fimcilere, 49\u2019u ise devletlere aitti. 2017\u2019de Afrika\u2019ya da ciddi y\u00f6neli\u015fler ba\u015flad\u0131. Bug\u00fcn k\u0131tadaki t\u00fcm i\u015fletmelerin y\u00fczde 60\u2019tan fazlas\u0131 \u00e7okuluslu \u015firketlere ait.<\/strong><\/span>
<\/strong><\/span>
Avrupa s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fiyle d\u00fcnya ticaret gelene\u011fine yeni bir kavram giriyordu: \u00c7okuluslu \u015firketler\u2026 Ticari hayatta s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 a\u015fanlar\u0131n faaliyetlerinin ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz 500 y\u0131l\u0131 incelendi\u011finde, aslan pay\u0131n\u0131 Avrupal\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilere vermemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fil. Zaten bir anlamda s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fin yerini alabilecek en uygun kelimenin \u2018\u00e7okuluslu \u015firket\u2019 kisvesi ile devam\u0131 tesad\u00fcf olamaz. End\u00fcl\u00fcs\u2019te 8. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131ndan itibaren varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren M\u00fcsl\u00fcman y\u00f6netiminden kurtulmay\u0131 ak\u0131llar\u0131ndan hi\u00e7 \u00e7\u0131karmad\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in biti\u015fine kadar aradan ge\u00e7en 900 y\u0131la ra\u011fmen Papal\u0131\u011f\u0131n tahriklerini harfiyen uygulad\u0131lar. Her ne kadar yeni co\u011frafyalar\u0131n ke\u015ffinde ilk istikametleri belirleyenler \u0130spanyollar ve Portekizler idiyse de d\u00fcnya ticaretinde en etkin ve geni\u015f a\u011flar\u0131 kuranlar Frans\u0131zlar, <\/span>\u0130ngilizler ve Hollandal\u0131lar oldu. <\/span>
<\/span>
LONDRA\u2019DA BA\u015eLADI<\/strong><\/span>
<\/span>
Kurulan en b\u00fcy\u00fck ilk 50 s\u00f6m\u00fcrge \u015firket i\u00e7inde Frans\u0131zlar 24, \u0130ngilizler 12, Hollandal\u0131lar ise 6 ile ba\u015f\u0131 \u00e7ekiyordu. <\/span><\/p>

1555\u2019te \u0130ngiltere\u2019de kurulan Moskova \u015eirketi (Moscovy Company) ile ba\u015flayan bu faaliyetler, 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131na kadar geleneksel usul\u00fc ile artarak devam etti. Genelde G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019da \u00dcmit Burnu\u2019nu a\u015fmak \u00fczere \u015fekillenen Do\u011fu Hindistan \u015eirketleri, her \u00fc\u00e7 devlet\u00e7e kurulan t\u00fcm \u015firketlerin mamul madde g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcp yerel hammadde getirmeleri sayesinde ilk n\u00fcvelerini olu\u015fturdu. \u00d6zellikle 1602\u2019de kurulan Hollanda Do\u011fu Hindistan \u015eirketi, onlarca k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u015firketin birle\u015ferek olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 sebebiyle kendisinden sonrakiler i\u00e7in bir model te\u015fkil etti. Hatta bu uygulamalar \u00e7ok erken d\u00f6nemde Amsterdam, Londra ve Paris borsalar\u0131n\u0131n \u015fekillenmelerine de vesile oldu. Zamanla Bat\u0131 Afrika k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131ndaki faaliyetleri de bunlara ilave edildi ve 10 kadar kurulan yeni \u015firketle giderek bu k\u0131ta ile al\u0131\u015fveri\u015fe de \u00f6nem verdiler. Hatta d\u00fcnya tarihinin en b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00f6le ticaretini buradan ald\u0131klar\u0131 h\u00fcr insanlar\u0131 k\u00f6lele\u015ftirerek \u00f6zellikle Amerika\u2019ya as\u0131rlarca ta\u015f\u0131malar\u0131 ile adeta en k\u00e2rl\u0131 i\u015flerini yapt\u0131lar. Avrupa\u2019da \u00fcretilen bilhassa ate\u015fli silahlar olmak \u00fczere t\u00fcm mamul maddeler, deniz a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 co\u011frafyalara g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcp sat\u0131l\u0131r ve kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ticari de\u011feri olan yerel \u00fcr\u00fcnler al\u0131n\u0131p getirilirdi. Ancak bu gelenekle\u015fen beynelmilel ticaret a\u011flar\u0131, onlar\u0131 kuranlar yok olsalar da tarihteki g\u00fc\u00e7lerinden hi\u00e7bir \u015fey kaybetmedikleri gibi zamanla teknolojik imkanlar\u0131n artmalar\u0131yla birlikte devaml\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitlenerek hemen hemen hayat\u0131n her alan\u0131nda kendilerini g\u00f6stermeye devam ediyor.<\/span>
<\/span>
G\u00dcN\u00dcM\u00dcZ TEMS\u0130LC\u0130LER\u0130<\/strong><\/span>
<\/span>
K\u0131saca \u2018\u00e7okuluslu\u2019 denildi\u011finde anla\u015f\u0131lan, asl\u0131nda \u00e7okuluslu firma ya da transnasyonel \u015firket, yani bir devletin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015farak ba\u015fka \u00fclkelerde kendisine ba\u011fl\u0131 \u015firketler kuran firma akla gelir. 21. y\u00fczy\u0131la girmeye ramak kala, yani bundan 30 y\u0131l \u00f6ncesinde 1990 y\u0131l\u0131nda d\u00fcnyada \u00e7okuluslu 37 bin \u015firket vard\u0131. 2020\u2019li y\u0131llara geldi\u011fimizde bunlar\u0131n say\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131k 100 bini a\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve d\u00fcnyan\u0131n farkl\u0131 co\u011frafyalar\u0131ndaki 900 bin kadar ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 \u015firketlerinde 85 milyondan fazla insan\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 tespit edilmi\u015fti. \u015eimdilerde bu say\u0131lar daha da artarken, \u00f6zellikle Afrika \u00fclkeleri ciddi anlamda tercihli hale geldi. Zira Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler Ticaret ve Kalk\u0131nma Konferans\u0131\u2019na g\u00f6re 1980 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00e7okuluslu \u015firketlerin say\u0131s\u0131 sadece 7 bin kadard\u0131. O zamanlar toplam 1 trilyon 600 milyarl\u0131k ticaret hacimleri varken, art\u0131k 8.5 trilyon dolarlar\u0131 zorluyorlar. Bu haliyle de yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki t\u00fcm ticaretin y\u00fczde 80\u2019i art\u0131k \u00e7okuluslu \u015firketler taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netiliyor. 2000 y\u0131l\u0131nda d\u00fcnyan\u0131n 100 b\u00fcy\u00fck dev \u015firketinden 51\u2019i \u00f6zel giri\u015fimcilere, 49\u2019u ise devletlere aitti. Hepsi genelde ba\u015fka bir \u00fclkede do\u011frudan yat\u0131r\u0131m \u015feklinde faaliyet g\u00f6steriyor. Bu t\u00fcr firmalar\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7te ikisi Asya \u00fclkelerini tercih ederken, Afrika bu alanda hen\u00fcz en fazla y\u00fczde 5 gibi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck bir yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131 \u00e7ekiyor. 2017\u2019de Afrika\u2019ya da ciddi y\u00f6neli\u015fler ba\u015flad\u0131. Bug\u00fcn k\u0131tadaki t\u00fcm i\u015fletmelerin y\u00fczde 60\u2019tan fazlas\u0131 \u00e7okuluslu \u015firketlere ait.<\/span>
<\/span>
\u00c7okuluslu firmalar\u0131n i\u00e7lerinde uzun zamand\u0131r maddi olarak bir\u00e7ok devletten g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc firmalar\u0131n oldu\u011fu, mesela daha 1990 y\u0131l\u0131nda ABD\u2019li Ford \u015firketi b\u00fct\u00e7esinin Norve\u00e7\u2019in devlet b\u00fct\u00e7esine e\u015fit oldu\u011fu ifade ediliyordu. Art\u0131k bu y\u00fczy\u0131la mahsus bir tabirle \u00fc\u00e7gen diplomasisinde h\u00fck\u00fcmetler, i\u015fletmeler, i\u015fletmeler-h\u00fck\u00fcmetler \u015feklinde bir ili\u015fkiler a\u011f\u0131ndan bahsediliyor.<\/span>
<\/span>
AFR\u0130KA AKT\u00d6RLER\u0130<\/strong><\/span>
<\/span>
Bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k, petrol, do\u011falgaz ve her \u00e7e\u015fit maden i\u015fletmecili\u011fi, kara, deniz ve hava yollar\u0131 ile ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131k, bankalar ve finans kurumlar\u0131, turizm ve otelcilik, eczac\u0131l\u0131k, enerji, liman hizmetleri, ileti\u015fim, g\u0131da sanayi, dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131k ofisleri, altyap\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 dahil her t\u00fcrl\u00fc in\u015faat gibi birbirinden farkl\u0131 alanlarda Afrika, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck firmalar\u0131na ev sahipli\u011fi yap\u0131yor. <\/span>
<\/span>
Kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 etkile\u015fimlerin h\u0131zla geli\u015fti\u011fi d\u00fcnyam\u0131zda Afrikal\u0131 m\u00fcteahhitler de uluslararas\u0131 sahada yer al\u0131yor. Mesela Nijeryal\u0131 Aliko Dangote, tek ba\u015f\u0131na kendi ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan \u015firketler toplulu\u011funun ba\u015fkan\u0131 olarak y\u0131ll\u0131k 3 milyar dolarl\u0131k i\u015f hacmini yakalam\u0131\u015f durumda. Sadece Dangote Cement isimli \u00e7imento \u015firketi ile Sahraalt\u0131 Afrika\u2019n\u0131n bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkesinin bu sanayindeki tekeline sahip. 2015\u2019te \u00fcretti\u011fi 46 milyon ton \u00e7imento ile d\u00fcnyada 6. s\u0131raya yerle\u015ferek Frans\u0131z Lafarge, Hollandal\u0131 Holcim ve Alman Heidelberg Cement ile k\u0131yas\u0131ya rekabet i\u00e7inde. Benin Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin Petrolin \u015firketi de son y\u0131llarda etkinli\u011fini t\u00fcm k\u0131ta kadar Ortado\u011fu\u2019da hissettiriyor. Yine M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131 Orascom \u00e7imento, ileti\u015fim ve g\u00f6rsel yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131kta olduk\u00e7a iddial\u0131.<\/span>
<\/span>
Hatta Fransa\u2019n\u0131n Lyon kentindeki Euronews\u2019in en b\u00fcy\u00fck hissedar\u0131 oldu. Cezayir\u2019den Cevital ise Ruanda ve Brezilya gibi olduk\u00e7a uzak pazarlara a\u00e7\u0131labildi. Bunlara ilaveten petrol \u00f6ncelikli olmak \u00fczere yine Cezayir\u2019de Sonatrach, petrol pazarlamac\u0131s\u0131 G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019dan Salan ve Bidvest ile enerjide de Estom ve Sasol ile telekom\u00fcnikasyonda MTN gibi dev firmalar b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckleri ile olduk\u00e7a etkili.<\/span>
<\/span>
TERC\u0130HLER\u0130 G\u00dcNEY AFR\u0130KA<\/strong><\/span>
<\/strong><\/span>
Yak\u0131n zamana kadar \u00e7okuluslu \u015firketlerin G\u00fcney Afrika Cumhuriyeti\u2019ne a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 derecede y\u00fcklendikleri bir ger\u00e7ekti. 2015\u2019te yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda do\u011frudan yat\u0131r\u0131m say\u0131s\u0131 705 olup bunun 118\u2019inin G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019da olmas\u0131 tesad\u00fcf de\u011fildi. Ger\u00e7i bilhassa \u015fehir merkezlerinde can g\u00fcvenli\u011fi tehdidi G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019n\u0131n kolay yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda belli bir tehdit olarak alg\u0131lan\u0131yor. Yine 85\u2019inin Kenya\u2019da, 71\u2019inin Fas Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019nda, 59\u2019unun M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da, 51\u2019inin Nijerya\u2019da ve 40\u2019\u0131n\u0131n da Gana\u2019da bulunmalar\u0131, bu \u00fclkelerin di\u011ferlerinden fark\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor. Her birinin temel hedefi, yapaca\u011f\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mdan kazan\u00e7 elde etmek oldu\u011fundan buna her a\u00e7\u0131dan en uygun yeri tercih ediyorlar. Her \u015feyden \u00f6nce ev sahibi devlette istikrar ve g\u00fcvenlik en temel \u015fart oluyor. Bunun i\u00e7in gerekli yol, su ve elektrik, ileti\u015fim gibi hayati alanlardaki yap\u0131lanmalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nceden tamamlanmas\u0131, yeti\u015fmi\u015f insan unsurunun temininde s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131 \u00e7ekilmemesi ve daha ucuz i\u015f\u00e7ilik maliyeti gerekiyor. Hukuk d\u00fczeninin uluslararas\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclerde bulunmas\u0131 me\u015fhur firmalar\u0131 buraya \u00e7ekiyor. Pazar ekonomisine uzun y\u0131llar \u00f6nce ge\u00e7ilmesi, madencilik, her t\u00fcrl\u00fc sanayi alan\u0131nda ilerleme kaydedilmesi ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc finans d\u00fczeninin kurulmas\u0131 bu \u00fclkeyi cazip hale getiriyor. <\/span>
<\/span>
YEN\u0130 ROLLER<\/strong><\/span>
<\/span>
Afrika\u2019da \u00e7okuluslu \u015firketlerin faaliyet alanlar\u0131 \u015fimdilerde s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik d\u00f6nemlerindeki gibi bu k\u0131taya mamul madde getirip limanlarda bo\u015falan gemilere hammadde y\u00fcklenmesinden ibaret de\u011fil. Her t\u00fcrl\u00fc ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda yerelden temin edip orada \u00fcretip do\u011frudan o \u00fclkedeki t\u00fcketiciye sunma, \u00fcretim fazlas\u0131n\u0131 ise yak\u0131n kom\u015fu \u00fclkelerden ba\u015flamak \u00fczere m\u00fc\u015fterisi bulunan t\u00fcm co\u011frafyalara ihra\u00e7 etmeye y\u00f6nelik hale geldi.<\/span>
<\/strong><\/span>
\u00c7OKULUSLU \u015e\u0130RKET KAR\u015eITLI\u011eI<\/strong><\/span>
<\/span>
Afrikal\u0131lar aras\u0131nda hi\u00e7 de k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmsenemeyecek bir kesim, \u00e7okuluslu \u015firketlerin sadece kendi menfaatlerinden ba\u015fka bir \u015fey d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmemeleri sebebiyle her t\u00fcrl\u00fc dayatmalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. Yeralt\u0131 ve yer\u00fcst\u00fcnde bulduklar\u0131 her t\u00fcrl\u00fc kayna\u011f\u0131 son par\u00e7as\u0131na kadar al\u0131p g\u00f6t\u00fcrmelerine her g\u00fcn \u015fahit oluyorlar. Genelde i\u00e7inden \u00e7\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131 zor konulardan biri, bu \u015firketlerin yerel kadrolar\u0131n\u0131 Afrikal\u0131lar\u2019dan se\u00e7erek daha makul yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 deneyenler var. Bu da hem k\u0131ta yerlisi \u015firketlere hem \u00e7okuluslulara yerel kadrolara g\u00fcveni art\u0131r\u0131yor. Art\u0131k bir\u00e7ok \u015fubenin k\u0131ta sorumlular\u0131 bunlar\u0131n aras\u0131ndan tayin ediliyor.<\/span>
<\/span>
\u00c7okuluslu \u015firketler ile yerel siyasi d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmler aras\u0131nda ciddi ba\u011flant\u0131lar kurulabiliyor ve bir\u00e7ok askeri darbenin perde arkas\u0131nda bu t\u00fcr n\u00fcfuzlar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 genelde sorgulan\u0131yor. K\u0131ta \u00fclkelerinde giderek artan \u015fiddet olaylar\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan nas\u0131l bir etki yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 da merak edilen konular aras\u0131nda. En \u00e7ok tenkit edilen konulardan biri ise alt\u0131n dahil olmak \u00fczere bilhassa k\u0131ymetli madenlerin yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda gerekli vergilerin verilmemesidir. Bilhassa B\u00fcy\u00fck G\u00f6ller b\u00f6lgesinde \u00e7ok s\u0131k rastlan\u0131lan bir durum.<\/span><\/p> \t\t\t\t","slug":"cokuluslu-sirketler-icin-gozde-kita-afrika","orjinalimage":null,"news_cover_min":null,"news_cover":null,"news_video_min":null,"news_video":null,"cropped_638x552":null,"cropped_310x208":null,"cropped_416x247":null,"cropped_197x247":null,"cropped_416x600":null,"cropped_1200x675":null,"tags":"K\u00f6\u015fe Yaz\u0131s\u0131","meta_title":"\u00c7okuluslu \u015firketler i\u00e7in g\u00f6zde k\u0131ta Afrika","meta_description":"PROF. DR. AHMET KAVAS","meta_keywords":"K\u00f6\u015fe Yaz\u0131s\u0131","view_count":1093,"yt":0,"ytid":"","ytimage":null,"imgdate":"2000-01-01 00:00:00","cuff_cover":null,"cropped_358x214":null,"cropped_842x474":null}]}}