{"status":true,"post":{"id":26414,"user_id":2,"status":1,"type":1,"orde":null,"notification_type":3,"static_post":0,"published_at":"2022-10-24 15:19:26","created_at":"2021-05-06T21:00:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-10-24T12:19:26.000000Z","edited_at":"2024-12-17 22:35:21","source_id":null,"post_id":26414,"is_featured":0,"title":"\u00c7in\u2019de ihracat\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fen destekleri","slider_title":null,"slider_title_2":null,"slider_spot_title":null,"slider_spot_title_2":null,"home_title":null,"sub_title":null,"category_id":73,"description":null,"content":"  \t\t\t\t\t  \t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><span class=\"large\"><strong>Fatih Oktay<\/strong><\/span><br><span class=\"large\"> <strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>  <p><span class=\"large\">\u00c7in\u2019in ihracat\u0131 \u00fclkenin piyasa ekonomisine ge\u00e7i\u015finin ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 1978 y\u0131l\u0131nda 10 milyar dolar\u0131 bulmuyordu; bundan 40 y\u0131l sonra 2018 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise mal ihracat\u0131n\u0131n tutar\u0131 2.5 trilyon ABD dolar\u0131na ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/span><\/p>  <p><span class=\"large\">Bu b\u00fcy\u00fck art\u0131\u015fta ihracat\u0131n do\u011frudan desteklenmesinin \u00f6nemli bir rol\u00fc bulunmuyor. \u0130hracat\u0131 desteklemek i\u00e7in t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada kullan\u0131lan vergi iadeleri konusunda \u00c7in\u2019de devlet pek c\u00f6mert davranm\u0131yor; bu a\u00e7\u0131dan \u00fclke ihracat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 bir\u00e7ok di\u011fer \u00fclkeye g\u00f6re dezavantajl\u0131 konumda bulunuyor. \u00c7in\u2019de ihracat i\u00e7in dolayl\u0131 destekler daha b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131yor.<\/span><\/p>  <p><span class=\"large\">Piyasa ekonomisine ge\u00e7i\u015fin ilk d\u00f6nemlerinde ihracat\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck deste\u011fi ucuz i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc idi. \u0130\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc nas\u0131l ucuz olmas\u0131nd\u0131? \u00dclkede ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na ortalama gelir y\u0131ll\u0131k 150 dolar dolay\u0131ndayd\u0131 ve n\u00fcfus h\u0131zla art\u0131yordu. Ancak bir yandan n\u00fcfus dinamiklerindeki de\u011fi\u015fim, bir yandan ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na gelir d\u00fczeyinin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir h\u0131zla y\u00fckselmesi, bir yandan da devletin asgari \u00fccretleri 2000\u2019lerin ortalar\u0131ndan ba\u015flayarak istikrarl\u0131 bi\u00e7imde enflasyonun \u00e7ok \u00fczerinde art\u0131rmas\u0131, bu deste\u011fi b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ortadan kald\u0131rd\u0131. Bug\u00fcn \u00c7in\u2019de ortalama i\u015f\u00e7i \u00fccretleri T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin \u00fczerinde.<\/span><\/p>  <p><span class=\"large\"><strong>D\u00d6V\u0130Z KURU S\u0130STEM\u0130<\/strong><\/span><\/p>  <p><span class=\"large\">\u00dclkenin ihracat\u0131n\u0131 d\u00f6viz kurlar\u0131 da destekliyordu. Merkez bankas\u0131 1990\u2019lar\u0131n ortalar\u0131ndan ba\u015flayarak \u00c7in\u2019in paras\u0131 RMB\u2019nin de\u011fer kazanmas\u0131na, \u00fclke mallar\u0131n\u0131n yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131nda daha pahal\u0131 hale gelerek ihracat\u0131n olumsuz etkilenmemesi i\u00e7in engel oluyordu. \u00dclke d\u0131\u015f ticareti d\u00fczenli olarak fazla veriyordu, bu da RMB\u2019nin \u00fczerinde de\u011ferlenme bask\u0131s\u0131 olu\u015fturuyordu. Ancak bir yandan \u00fclkenin kurlardaki g\u00fcnl\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fim miktar\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlayan d\u00f6viz kuru sistemi, bir yandan da merkez bankas\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcrekli olarak piyasadaki d\u00f6viz fazlas\u0131n\u0131 sat\u0131n almas\u0131, RMB\u2019nin dolara kar\u015f\u0131 de\u011ferinin 2005\u2019e kadar sabit tutulmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu tarihten sonra ba\u015fta ABD olmak \u00fczere di\u011fer \u00fclkelerin bask\u0131s\u0131yla \u00fclke y\u00f6netimi aya\u011f\u0131n\u0131 frenden hafif\u00e7e kald\u0131rarak RMB\u2019nin yava\u015f\u00e7a de\u011ferlenmesinin yolunu a\u00e7t\u0131. 2010\u2019lar\u0131n ortalar\u0131na gelindi\u011finde RMB art\u0131k piyasa de\u011ferine ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f durumdayd\u0131; kurlar art\u0131k \u00fclke ihracat\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir destek olu\u015fturmuyordu.<\/span><\/p>  <p><span class=\"large\"><strong>TEKNOLOJ\u0130 YATIRIMLARI<\/strong><\/span><\/p>  <p><span class=\"large\">\u00dclkede ihracat\u0131n belki de en b\u00fcy\u00fck deste\u011fini genel olarak \u00fcretime yap\u0131lan destekler olu\u015fturuyor, bunlar do\u011fal olarak ihracata da destek anlam\u0131na geliyor. \u00dclkede piyasa ekonomisine ge\u00e7i\u015fin ilk y\u0131llar\u0131ndan ba\u015flayarak \u015firketlere devlet kontrol\u00fcndeki finansal sistem arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile ucuz finansman aktar\u0131l\u0131yor, bunun yan\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck fiyatlarla arazi ve \u00fcretim altyap\u0131s\u0131, enerji sa\u011flan\u0131yordu. Ana sanayilere yap\u0131lan b\u00fcy\u00fck boyutlu yat\u0131r\u0131mlarla \u015firketlerin demir-\u00e7elik ve kimyasallar gibi temel girdileri yurt i\u00e7inden ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck fiyatlarla temin etmesi sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bunlar \u00fcretim maliyetlerini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrerek ihracat\u00e7\u0131lara rekabet avantaj\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131yordu. B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de ge\u00e7erli ama art\u0131k eski d\u00fczeylerinde de\u011fil. Finansal sistemin serbestle\u015fmesi y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki geli\u015fmeler \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde devlet kredi maliyetlerini eskisi gibi dikte etmiyor, \u015firketlere sa\u011flanan enerji ve hammadde fiyatlar\u0131nda piyasan\u0131n rol\u00fc giderek art\u0131yor, t\u00fcketimi \u00fclke ekonomisinin motoru yapma \u00e7abas\u0131 do\u011frultusunda kaynak da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m politikalar\u0131nda ibre \u015firketlerden bireylere do\u011fru kay\u0131yor.<\/span><\/p>  <p><span class=\"large\">Ancak bir konudaki destek azalm\u0131yor, giderek art\u0131yor. Devlet bilim ve teknolojiye yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 ve \u015firketlerin Ar-Ge faaliyetlerine deste\u011fini giderek artt\u0131r\u0131yor. Bu, eski mallar\u0131 daha ucuza satma yoluyla de\u011fil, y\u00fcksek katma de\u011ferli yeni mallarla rekabet etme olana\u011f\u0131 sa\u011flayarak ihracat i\u00e7in en kal\u0131c\u0131 ve etkili deste\u011fi olu\u015fturuyor. \u00c7in\u2019in ihracat\u0131nda 5G ileti\u015fim sistemlerinden ak\u0131ll\u0131 cep telefonlar\u0131 ve sanayi drone\u2019lar\u0131na, fiyat\u0131 yan\u0131nda \u00f6zellikleriyle rekabet eden \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 art\u0131yor.<\/span><\/p>  \t\t\t\t","slug":"cinde-ihracatin-degisen-destekleri","tags":"K\u00f6\u015fe Yaz\u0131s\u0131","meta_title":"\u00c7in\u2019de ihracat\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fen destekleri","meta_description":"Fatih Oktay","meta_keywords":"K\u00f6\u015fe Yaz\u0131s\u0131","news_cover_min":null,"news_cover":null,"news_video_min":null,"news_video":null,"view_count":1167,"cropped_1200x675":null,"user":{"id":2,"name":"FAT\u0130H","surname":"OKTAY","email":"ozansoy.tuna@akay.com","slug":"fatih-oktay","avatar":"\/front\/uploads\/avatar\/1733691600qSRn7kb3ZZVHU3t.webp","status":1,"role":1,"email_verified_at":null,"orde":null,"created_at":"2022-09-15T09:39:41.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-12-18T14:51:22.000000Z","seo_title":null,"seo_description":null},"translations":[{"id":26513,"is_featured":0,"is_amp":0,"is_ads":0,"ads_link":null,"post_id":26414,"locale":"tr","category_id":73,"title":"\u00c7in\u2019de ihracat\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fen destekleri","home_title":null,"sub_title":null,"slider_title":null,"slider_title_2":null,"slider_spot_title":null,"slider_spot_title_2":null,"subtitleuse":0,"description":null,"content":"  \t\t\t\t\t  \t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><span class=\"large\"><strong>Fatih Oktay<\/strong><\/span><br><span class=\"large\"> <strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>  <p><span class=\"large\">\u00c7in\u2019in ihracat\u0131 \u00fclkenin piyasa ekonomisine ge\u00e7i\u015finin ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 1978 y\u0131l\u0131nda 10 milyar dolar\u0131 bulmuyordu; bundan 40 y\u0131l sonra 2018 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise mal ihracat\u0131n\u0131n tutar\u0131 2.5 trilyon ABD dolar\u0131na ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/span><\/p>  <p><span class=\"large\">Bu b\u00fcy\u00fck art\u0131\u015fta ihracat\u0131n do\u011frudan desteklenmesinin \u00f6nemli bir rol\u00fc bulunmuyor. \u0130hracat\u0131 desteklemek i\u00e7in t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada kullan\u0131lan vergi iadeleri konusunda \u00c7in\u2019de devlet pek c\u00f6mert davranm\u0131yor; bu a\u00e7\u0131dan \u00fclke ihracat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 bir\u00e7ok di\u011fer \u00fclkeye g\u00f6re dezavantajl\u0131 konumda bulunuyor. \u00c7in\u2019de ihracat i\u00e7in dolayl\u0131 destekler daha b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131yor.<\/span><\/p>  <p><span class=\"large\">Piyasa ekonomisine ge\u00e7i\u015fin ilk d\u00f6nemlerinde ihracat\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck deste\u011fi ucuz i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc idi. \u0130\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc nas\u0131l ucuz olmas\u0131nd\u0131? \u00dclkede ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na ortalama gelir y\u0131ll\u0131k 150 dolar dolay\u0131ndayd\u0131 ve n\u00fcfus h\u0131zla art\u0131yordu. Ancak bir yandan n\u00fcfus dinamiklerindeki de\u011fi\u015fim, bir yandan ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na gelir d\u00fczeyinin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir h\u0131zla y\u00fckselmesi, bir yandan da devletin asgari \u00fccretleri 2000\u2019lerin ortalar\u0131ndan ba\u015flayarak istikrarl\u0131 bi\u00e7imde enflasyonun \u00e7ok \u00fczerinde art\u0131rmas\u0131, bu deste\u011fi b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ortadan kald\u0131rd\u0131. Bug\u00fcn \u00c7in\u2019de ortalama i\u015f\u00e7i \u00fccretleri T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin \u00fczerinde.<\/span><\/p>  <p><span class=\"large\"><strong>D\u00d6V\u0130Z KURU S\u0130STEM\u0130<\/strong><\/span><\/p>  <p><span class=\"large\">\u00dclkenin ihracat\u0131n\u0131 d\u00f6viz kurlar\u0131 da destekliyordu. Merkez bankas\u0131 1990\u2019lar\u0131n ortalar\u0131ndan ba\u015flayarak \u00c7in\u2019in paras\u0131 RMB\u2019nin de\u011fer kazanmas\u0131na, \u00fclke mallar\u0131n\u0131n yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131nda daha pahal\u0131 hale gelerek ihracat\u0131n olumsuz etkilenmemesi i\u00e7in engel oluyordu. \u00dclke d\u0131\u015f ticareti d\u00fczenli olarak fazla veriyordu, bu da RMB\u2019nin \u00fczerinde de\u011ferlenme bask\u0131s\u0131 olu\u015fturuyordu. Ancak bir yandan \u00fclkenin kurlardaki g\u00fcnl\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fim miktar\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlayan d\u00f6viz kuru sistemi, bir yandan da merkez bankas\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcrekli olarak piyasadaki d\u00f6viz fazlas\u0131n\u0131 sat\u0131n almas\u0131, RMB\u2019nin dolara kar\u015f\u0131 de\u011ferinin 2005\u2019e kadar sabit tutulmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu tarihten sonra ba\u015fta ABD olmak \u00fczere di\u011fer \u00fclkelerin bask\u0131s\u0131yla \u00fclke y\u00f6netimi aya\u011f\u0131n\u0131 frenden hafif\u00e7e kald\u0131rarak RMB\u2019nin yava\u015f\u00e7a de\u011ferlenmesinin yolunu a\u00e7t\u0131. 2010\u2019lar\u0131n ortalar\u0131na gelindi\u011finde RMB art\u0131k piyasa de\u011ferine ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f durumdayd\u0131; kurlar art\u0131k \u00fclke ihracat\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir destek olu\u015fturmuyordu.<\/span><\/p>  <p><span class=\"large\"><strong>TEKNOLOJ\u0130 YATIRIMLARI<\/strong><\/span><\/p>  <p><span class=\"large\">\u00dclkede ihracat\u0131n belki de en b\u00fcy\u00fck deste\u011fini genel olarak \u00fcretime yap\u0131lan destekler olu\u015fturuyor, bunlar do\u011fal olarak ihracata da destek anlam\u0131na geliyor. \u00dclkede piyasa ekonomisine ge\u00e7i\u015fin ilk y\u0131llar\u0131ndan ba\u015flayarak \u015firketlere devlet kontrol\u00fcndeki finansal sistem arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile ucuz finansman aktar\u0131l\u0131yor, bunun yan\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck fiyatlarla arazi ve \u00fcretim altyap\u0131s\u0131, enerji sa\u011flan\u0131yordu. Ana sanayilere yap\u0131lan b\u00fcy\u00fck boyutlu yat\u0131r\u0131mlarla \u015firketlerin demir-\u00e7elik ve kimyasallar gibi temel girdileri yurt i\u00e7inden ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck fiyatlarla temin etmesi sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bunlar \u00fcretim maliyetlerini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrerek ihracat\u00e7\u0131lara rekabet avantaj\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131yordu. B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de ge\u00e7erli ama art\u0131k eski d\u00fczeylerinde de\u011fil. Finansal sistemin serbestle\u015fmesi y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki geli\u015fmeler \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde devlet kredi maliyetlerini eskisi gibi dikte etmiyor, \u015firketlere sa\u011flanan enerji ve hammadde fiyatlar\u0131nda piyasan\u0131n rol\u00fc giderek art\u0131yor, t\u00fcketimi \u00fclke ekonomisinin motoru yapma \u00e7abas\u0131 do\u011frultusunda kaynak da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m politikalar\u0131nda ibre \u015firketlerden bireylere do\u011fru kay\u0131yor.<\/span><\/p>  <p><span class=\"large\">Ancak bir konudaki destek azalm\u0131yor, giderek art\u0131yor. Devlet bilim ve teknolojiye yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 ve \u015firketlerin Ar-Ge faaliyetlerine deste\u011fini giderek artt\u0131r\u0131yor. Bu, eski mallar\u0131 daha ucuza satma yoluyla de\u011fil, y\u00fcksek katma de\u011ferli yeni mallarla rekabet etme olana\u011f\u0131 sa\u011flayarak ihracat i\u00e7in en kal\u0131c\u0131 ve etkili deste\u011fi olu\u015fturuyor. \u00c7in\u2019in ihracat\u0131nda 5G ileti\u015fim sistemlerinden ak\u0131ll\u0131 cep telefonlar\u0131 ve sanayi drone\u2019lar\u0131na, fiyat\u0131 yan\u0131nda \u00f6zellikleriyle rekabet eden \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 art\u0131yor.<\/span><\/p>  \t\t\t\t","slug":"cinde-ihracatin-degisen-destekleri","orjinalimage":null,"news_cover_min":null,"news_cover":null,"news_video_min":null,"news_video":null,"cropped_638x552":null,"cropped_310x208":null,"cropped_416x247":null,"cropped_197x247":null,"cropped_416x600":null,"cropped_1200x675":null,"tags":"K\u00f6\u015fe Yaz\u0131s\u0131","meta_title":"\u00c7in\u2019de ihracat\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fen destekleri","meta_description":"Fatih Oktay","meta_keywords":"K\u00f6\u015fe Yaz\u0131s\u0131","view_count":1167,"yt":0,"ytid":"","ytimage":null,"imgdate":"2000-01-01 00:00:00","cuff_cover":null,"cropped_358x214":null,"cropped_842x474":null}]}}