{"status":true,"post":{"id":28687,"user_id":30,"status":1,"type":1,"orde":null,"notification_type":3,"static_post":0,"published_at":"2022-10-24 15:48:55","created_at":"2021-09-30T21:00:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-10-24T12:48:55.000000Z","edited_at":"2024-12-17 22:35:21","source_id":null,"post_id":28687,"is_featured":0,"title":"Afrika\u2019ya petrolden g\u00fcnde 1 milyar dolar","slider_title":null,"slider_title_2":null,"slider_spot_title":null,"slider_spot_title_2":null,"home_title":null,"sub_title":null,"category_id":73,"description":null,"content":" \t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t

PROF. DR. AHMET KAVAS<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

Pek bilinmese de Afrika, ayn\u0131 zamanda petrol kayna\u011f\u0131 bir k\u0131ta\u2026 1 trilyon 732 milyar varil olarak hesaplanan d\u00fcnya petrol rezervleri i\u00e7inde Afrika \u00fclkelerinde tespit edilen rezerv ise 125 milyar varil civar\u0131nda. Bu rezervlerin 48.4 milyar varili Libya\u2019da, 36.9 milyar varili Nijerya\u2019da bulunuyor. Son y\u0131llarda yeni kaynaklar\u0131n tespiti heyecana neden oldu.<\/strong><\/span>
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Afrika \u00fclkelerinin petrolden g\u00fcnl\u00fck geliri yakla\u015f\u0131k 1 milyar dolar seviyesinde. Pandemiyle birlikte petrol fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n dip yapmas\u0131, ekonomisi petrole dayal\u0131 \u00fclkeleri zora sokmu\u015ftu. Ancak, fiyatlar\u0131n yeniden y\u00fckselmesi, petrolc\u00fc \u00fclkelere nefes ald\u0131r\u0131yor. Bu \u00fclkelere ihracat yapanlar\u0131 da rahatlat\u0131yor; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc geliri artan hedef \u00fclkeler ideal al\u0131c\u0131 konumuna ge\u00e7iyor.<\/strong><\/span>

D\u00fcnyada g\u00fcnl\u00fck petrol \u00fcretimi, 100 milyon varil s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 2019\u2019da a\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ancak bu seviye, 2020\u2019de 91 milyon varile kadar geriledi. 2040 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki hedef ise 106 milyon varile ula\u015fmak. 1 trilyon 732 milyar varil olarak hesaplanan b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fclkelerin petrol rezervleri i\u00e7inde Afrika \u00fclkelerinde tespit edilen rezerv ise 125 milyar varil civar\u0131nda. Bunun da 48.4 milyar varili Libya\u2019da, 36.9 milyar varili ise Nijerya\u2019da bulunuyor. Mevcut t\u00fcm i\u015fletilen Afrika petrol\u00fcn\u00fcn y\u00fczde olarak uluslararas\u0131 \u00fcretimle uyumlu \u015fekilde en son ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 miktar, g\u00fcnl\u00fck 8 ila 9 milyon varil olarak ifade ediliyor. G\u00fcnl\u00fck yakla\u015f\u0131k 1 milyar dolar de\u011ferinde getiri s\u00f6z konusu\u2026 Afrikal\u0131lar, \u00fcrettiklerinin ancak y\u00fczde 4\u2019\u00fcn\u00fc t\u00fcketebiliyor. M\u0131s\u0131r 659 bin varil g\u00fcnl\u00fck t\u00fcketimle ilk s\u0131rada. Onu 490 bin varille G\u00fcney Afrika Cumhuriyeti, 366 bin varille Cezayir ve 261 bin varille Fas Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 takip ediyor. <\/span>
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PETROLE BA\u011eIMLILIK<\/strong><\/span>
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2019 y\u0131l\u0131 aral\u0131k ay\u0131nda petrol\u00fcn varili 60 dolar civar\u0131nda seyrederken, 2020 nisan ay\u0131ndaki de\u011feri sadece 20 dolard\u0131. Bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkenin \u00fcretim ve vergi maliyetlerinin bile alt\u0131nda bir fiyatt\u0131. Nijerya b\u00fct\u00e7esinin y\u00fczde 50 ila y\u00fczde 70\u2019i petrole dayal\u0131 hesap ediliyordu ve Covid \u00f6ncesinde bu b\u00fct\u00e7e, varili 57 dolardan sat\u0131lacak petrol gelirlerine g\u00f6re haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Haliyle \u00fclke gelirlerinin y\u00fczde 65\u2019ini, 2020 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n ilk 6 ay\u0131nda kaybetti. Bu, ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00fclkedeki t\u00fcm yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n durmas\u0131 demekti ve daha \u00f6nceki y\u0131llardaki bor\u00e7lar\u0131n \u00f6denmesini s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131ya soktu. Dahas\u0131, yeni istihdam alanlar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi yeni gelir kaynaklar\u0131 da temin edilemedi. Mevcut uluslararas\u0131 ve milli petrol \u015firketlerinin faaliyetlerinin devam\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in getirilen vergi indirimleri, bu defa kamu kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n daralmas\u0131na sebep oldu. Uganda i\u00e7in varil ba\u015f\u0131na 40 dolar\u0131n alt\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fmesi demek, \u00fcretimi durdurmaya kadar gidecek bir geli\u015fme. 2020 y\u0131l\u0131 i\u00e7indeki karamsar tablo \u00e7abuk toparland\u0131 ve 2021 a\u011fustos ay\u0131nda 65 dolar\u0131 bulurken, eyl\u00fcl ay\u0131 ortas\u0131nda 74 dolar gibi beklentilerin \u00fczerinde bir fiyata kavu\u015ftu. Cezayir\u2019in b\u00fct\u00e7esinin de y\u00fczde 40\u2019\u0131 petrole dayal\u0131 gelirlere dayan\u0131yor. <\/span>
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AFR\u0130KA\u2019DA PETROL<\/strong><\/span>
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Petrol, ilk \u00f6nceleri ABD\u2019de ke\u015ffedilse de zamanla t\u00fcm \u00fclkelerin ya bizzat sahip olduklar\u0131 veya \u00fcretenleri aras\u0131nda yer ald\u0131klar\u0131, hatta her ikisini birden yapt\u0131klar\u0131 bir \u00fcr\u00fcne d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda Ortado\u011fu\u2019da, \u00f6zellikle Basra K\u00f6rfezi\u2019ndeki petrol yataklar\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131, s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci devletlerin buralar\u0131 bir an evvel i\u015fgal arzular\u0131n\u0131 k\u00f6r\u00fckledi. Afrika\u2019da ise h\u00e2l\u00e2 yeni yataklar\u0131n m\u00fctemadiyen bulunmas\u0131 \u00fczerine bu k\u0131tan\u0131n gelecekte ne kadar etkin olaca\u011f\u0131 ile ilgili \u00e7ok ciddi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcler var. Afrika\u2019da petrol\u00fcn ilk izlerine 1930\u2019larda Bat\u0131 Afrika sahillerinde Senegal, Gabon, Kongo Cumhuriyeti\u2019nde rastland\u0131. Bug\u00fcn Nijerya ve Angola\u2019dan sonra \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc s\u0131radaki en b\u00fcy\u00fck petrol \u00fcreticisi Kuzey Afrika\u2019da Cezayir\u2019de 1956\u2019da, onu takip eden Libya\u2019da ise 1957\u2019de petrol bulundu. Yine g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde en fazla petrol t\u00fcketen ve k\u0131tan\u0131n kuzeydo\u011fusunu kaplayan M\u0131s\u0131r, 1960\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda S\u00fcvey\u015f Kanal\u0131 \u00e7evresinde kendi petrol\u00fcne kavu\u015fmu\u015ftu.<\/span>
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G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Afrika\u2019da petrol \u00fcreticisi 19 \u00fclkenin \u00fcye oldu\u011fu merkezi Kongo Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin ba\u015fkenti Brazavil\u2019de bulunan APPO isimli te\u015fkilat, 19 Kas\u0131m 2020 tarihinde 39. ola\u011fan toplant\u0131s\u0131nda ilk defa 2021 y\u0131l\u0131 i\u00e7in devlet adamlar\u0131n\u0131n kat\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 ilk zirvenin ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesine karar verdi. <\/span>
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YEN\u0130 KE\u015e\u0130FLER<\/strong><\/span>
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K\u0131tada 54 \u00fclke bulunmakta olup bunlar\u0131n her birini petrol \u00fclkesi g\u00f6rmek yanl\u0131\u015f. Ama Sao Tome ve Principe adalar\u0131 gibi toplam 1.000 km2 kara par\u00e7as\u0131 bulunan ada devletleri bile son y\u0131llarda petrol yataklar\u0131 ile d\u00fcnyan\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc \u00fczerlerine \u00e7evirdiyse, ger\u00e7ekten k\u0131ta hen\u00fcz ke\u015ffedilmeyi bekleyen \u00e7ok say\u0131da petrol yata\u011f\u0131na sahip. Her ne kadar ba\u015fta k\u00f6m\u00fcr olmak \u00fczere alt\u0131n, elmas, platin gibi pek \u00e7ok madene sahip G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019n\u0131n ve kendi ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 20\u2019sini ithal etmek zorunda kalan Tunus\u2019un petrol fakiri olduklar\u0131 ifade edilse de \u015fimdilerde onlar da ilgi odaklar\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. 2000\u2019li y\u0131llarda Afrika\u2019da bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkede petrol bulunmas\u0131, her birini ciddi anlamda heyecanland\u0131rd\u0131. <\/span>
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2006 y\u0131l\u0131nda Moritanya\u2019da Atlas Okyanusu\u2019nda \u015einkit \u00fcretim sahas\u0131, ayn\u0131 sene Demokratik Kongo ile Uganda s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131nda ve Albert G\u00f6l\u00fc \u00e7evresinde petrol ve do\u011falgaz tespiti, 2007\u2019de Gana\u2019da Jubilee \u00fcretim sahas\u0131 ve Mozambik Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019nda zengin do\u011falgaz yataklar\u0131 ile Madagaskar sahillerindeki petrol rezervleri ile ilgili veriler, Nijer\u2019de 2011\u2019de Agadem\u2019de \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan petrol, 21. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131 hareketlendirmeye yetecek kadar \u00f6nemli.<\/span>
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G\u0130ZLENEN GER\u00c7EKLER<\/strong><\/span>
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Afrika\u2019da petrol\u00fcn tarihi hakk\u0131yla yaz\u0131labilse herhalde bu vazge\u00e7ilmesi imkans\u0131z kaynakla ilgili bilinen her \u015feyin yeniden \u015fekillenmesi gerekir. Bir\u00e7ok do\u011fru bildiklerimizin eksik ya da yanl\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu, daha nice k\u0131ymeti haiz bilginin ise \u00fcst\u00fc kapal\u0131 ge\u00e7ildi\u011fi ya da kas\u0131tl\u0131 olarak gizlendi\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor. Geli\u015fmi\u015flikleri ile gurur duyan nice Bat\u0131l\u0131 \u00fclkenin asl\u0131nda di\u011fer alanlarda oldu\u011fu gibi ger\u00e7ek de\u011feri \u00fczerinden i\u015flemler y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f olsayd\u0131 herhalde kendileri bu kadar a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 zenginle\u015femezler, Afrikal\u0131lar da bu kadar fakir kalmazlard\u0131. <\/span>
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Tek umut edilen, hep bir \u015fekilde d\u00fcnyada ge\u00e7erli s\u00fcre\u00e7 neyse ayn\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ya\u015famak istemeleri. <\/span>
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K\u0131ta \u00fclkelerinin ba\u015f\u0131ndaki y\u00f6neticilerin demokratik mi, darbeyle mi veya hanedanl\u0131k suretiyle mi iktidara geldiklerine bak\u0131lmaks\u0131z\u0131n derhal ala\u015fa\u011f\u0131 edilmelerinin ba\u015fl\u0131ca sebebi.<\/span>
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ASIL KAZANAN S\u0130MSARLAR<\/strong><\/span>
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Petrolde devaml\u0131 kazananlar, i\u015fletenler ve uluslararas\u0131 pazarlarda m\u00fc\u015fterilere satan firmalar. Petrol sahibi \u00fclkenin kazanc\u0131 varil ba\u015f\u0131na belirlenen fiyatlara ba\u011fl\u0131. Afrika\u2019da uluslararas\u0131 hukuk alan\u0131nda yeti\u015fmi\u015f yerel hukuk\u00e7ular olmay\u0131nca imzalanan t\u00fcm s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler \u00e7ok uluslu \u015firketleri koruyan maddeler y\u00fcz\u00fcnden \u00fcretici \u00fclkeleri ciddi s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lara soktu. Nijerya, 2016 y\u0131l\u0131nda Chevron, Total ve Shell aleyhine 57 milyon ton petrol\u00fcn\u00fc gizledikleri i\u00e7in bunlardan 12.7 milyar dolar \u00f6deme yapmalar\u0131n\u0131 istedi. Glencore ve Trafigura isimli firmalar, \u00f6zellikle \u00c7ad ve Kongo Cumhuriyeti gibi zor durumdaki \u00fclkeleri \u00fcr\u00fcn almadan \u00f6nce \u00f6n \u00f6demelerde bulunarak bor\u00e7land\u0131r\u0131p adeta Orta\u00e7a\u011f ticaret mant\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile bu \u00fclkelerin elini aya\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ba\u011fl\u0131yorlar.<\/span>
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P\u0130YASANIN AKT\u00d6R\u00dc 4 \u00dcLKE<\/strong><\/span>
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D\u00fcnya petrol\u00fcn\u00fcn kaderinde Glencore, Trafigura, Vitol, Mercuria ve Oryx Energies gibi s\u00f6z sahibi birka\u00e7 \u00e7ok uluslu \u015firket ve yine AB, ABD, \u00c7in ve Hindistan d\u00f6rtl\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn t\u00fcketim ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n devam\u0131 \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli. Fransa tek ba\u015f\u0131na Elf ve sonras\u0131nda Total ile 90 y\u0131ll\u0131k petrol tecr\u00fcbesi ile Afrika petrollerinin y\u00fczde 36.4\u2019\u00fcn\u00fc, \u00c7in y\u00fczde 30\u2019unu, Hindistan y\u00fczde 20\u2019sini ve ABD y\u00fczde 20\u2019sini \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131yor. <\/span>
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Bunlar\u0131n \u00f6zellikle Afrika \u00fclkeleri petrollerine al\u0131\u015f\u0131k oldu\u011fu m\u00fc\u015fterilerinden talepleri Rusya ve Suudi Arabistan\u2019\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck fiyatl\u0131 petrol arzlar\u0131 ile d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce rekabete dayanmakta zorlan\u0131yorlar. Hindistan, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc petrol t\u00fcketici \u00fclkesi konumunda. O da Afrika\u2019da Covid sebebiyle \u00fcr\u00fcn al\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 azaltt\u0131. ABD, yaln\u0131z Nijerya\u2019dan y\u00fczde 63 olan ithalat pay\u0131n\u0131 azaltarak, 2019\u2019un son \u00fc\u00e7 ay\u0131nda 15 milyon varil petrol al\u0131rken, bunu 2020\u2019nin ilk \u00fc\u00e7 ay\u0131nda 5.5 milyon varile indirmi\u015fti. \u00c7in g\u00fcnl\u00fck 10 milyon varil petrol t\u00fcketiminin 4 milyon varilini ithal ediyor ve bunun da y\u00fczde 20\u2019sini Afrika \u00fclkelerinden temin ediyor. Sadece CNOOC ve PetroChina yan\u0131nda \u00f6zellikle Sinopec, Asya\u2019n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck ve d\u00fcnyan\u0131n 5. firmas\u0131. Milyonu a\u015fan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131 ile k\u0131taya adeta abanm\u0131\u015f durumda ve y\u0131ll\u0131k i\u015flemlerinin 35 milyar\u0131 yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, toplam 280 milyar dolarl\u0131k i\u015f hacmi var.<\/span><\/p> \t\t\t\t","slug":"afrikaya-petrolden-gunde-1-milyar-dolar","tags":"K\u00f6\u015fe Yaz\u0131s\u0131","meta_title":"Afrika\u2019ya petrolden g\u00fcnde 1 milyar dolar","meta_description":"PROF. DR. AHMET KAVAS","meta_keywords":"K\u00f6\u015fe Yaz\u0131s\u0131","news_cover_min":null,"news_cover":null,"news_video_min":null,"news_video":null,"view_count":1088,"cropped_1200x675":null,"user":{"id":30,"name":"AHMET","surname":"KAVAS","email":"prof-dr-ahmet-kavas@gmail.com","slug":"prof-dr-ahmet-kavas","avatar":"\/front\/uploads\/avatar\/17336916002RXDhDXyMw3kEXW.webp","status":1,"role":1,"email_verified_at":null,"orde":null,"created_at":"2022-10-24T11:09:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-12-18T09:44:44.000000Z","seo_title":null,"seo_description":null},"translations":[{"id":28786,"is_featured":0,"is_amp":0,"is_ads":0,"ads_link":null,"post_id":28687,"locale":"tr","category_id":73,"title":"Afrika\u2019ya petrolden g\u00fcnde 1 milyar dolar","home_title":null,"sub_title":null,"slider_title":null,"slider_title_2":null,"slider_spot_title":null,"slider_spot_title_2":null,"subtitleuse":0,"description":null,"content":" \t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t

PROF. DR. AHMET KAVAS<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

Pek bilinmese de Afrika, ayn\u0131 zamanda petrol kayna\u011f\u0131 bir k\u0131ta\u2026 1 trilyon 732 milyar varil olarak hesaplanan d\u00fcnya petrol rezervleri i\u00e7inde Afrika \u00fclkelerinde tespit edilen rezerv ise 125 milyar varil civar\u0131nda. Bu rezervlerin 48.4 milyar varili Libya\u2019da, 36.9 milyar varili Nijerya\u2019da bulunuyor. Son y\u0131llarda yeni kaynaklar\u0131n tespiti heyecana neden oldu.<\/strong><\/span>
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Afrika \u00fclkelerinin petrolden g\u00fcnl\u00fck geliri yakla\u015f\u0131k 1 milyar dolar seviyesinde. Pandemiyle birlikte petrol fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n dip yapmas\u0131, ekonomisi petrole dayal\u0131 \u00fclkeleri zora sokmu\u015ftu. Ancak, fiyatlar\u0131n yeniden y\u00fckselmesi, petrolc\u00fc \u00fclkelere nefes ald\u0131r\u0131yor. Bu \u00fclkelere ihracat yapanlar\u0131 da rahatlat\u0131yor; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc geliri artan hedef \u00fclkeler ideal al\u0131c\u0131 konumuna ge\u00e7iyor.<\/strong><\/span>

D\u00fcnyada g\u00fcnl\u00fck petrol \u00fcretimi, 100 milyon varil s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 2019\u2019da a\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ancak bu seviye, 2020\u2019de 91 milyon varile kadar geriledi. 2040 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki hedef ise 106 milyon varile ula\u015fmak. 1 trilyon 732 milyar varil olarak hesaplanan b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fclkelerin petrol rezervleri i\u00e7inde Afrika \u00fclkelerinde tespit edilen rezerv ise 125 milyar varil civar\u0131nda. Bunun da 48.4 milyar varili Libya\u2019da, 36.9 milyar varili ise Nijerya\u2019da bulunuyor. Mevcut t\u00fcm i\u015fletilen Afrika petrol\u00fcn\u00fcn y\u00fczde olarak uluslararas\u0131 \u00fcretimle uyumlu \u015fekilde en son ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 miktar, g\u00fcnl\u00fck 8 ila 9 milyon varil olarak ifade ediliyor. G\u00fcnl\u00fck yakla\u015f\u0131k 1 milyar dolar de\u011ferinde getiri s\u00f6z konusu\u2026 Afrikal\u0131lar, \u00fcrettiklerinin ancak y\u00fczde 4\u2019\u00fcn\u00fc t\u00fcketebiliyor. M\u0131s\u0131r 659 bin varil g\u00fcnl\u00fck t\u00fcketimle ilk s\u0131rada. Onu 490 bin varille G\u00fcney Afrika Cumhuriyeti, 366 bin varille Cezayir ve 261 bin varille Fas Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 takip ediyor. <\/span>
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PETROLE BA\u011eIMLILIK<\/strong><\/span>
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2019 y\u0131l\u0131 aral\u0131k ay\u0131nda petrol\u00fcn varili 60 dolar civar\u0131nda seyrederken, 2020 nisan ay\u0131ndaki de\u011feri sadece 20 dolard\u0131. Bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkenin \u00fcretim ve vergi maliyetlerinin bile alt\u0131nda bir fiyatt\u0131. Nijerya b\u00fct\u00e7esinin y\u00fczde 50 ila y\u00fczde 70\u2019i petrole dayal\u0131 hesap ediliyordu ve Covid \u00f6ncesinde bu b\u00fct\u00e7e, varili 57 dolardan sat\u0131lacak petrol gelirlerine g\u00f6re haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Haliyle \u00fclke gelirlerinin y\u00fczde 65\u2019ini, 2020 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n ilk 6 ay\u0131nda kaybetti. Bu, ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00fclkedeki t\u00fcm yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n durmas\u0131 demekti ve daha \u00f6nceki y\u0131llardaki bor\u00e7lar\u0131n \u00f6denmesini s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131ya soktu. Dahas\u0131, yeni istihdam alanlar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi yeni gelir kaynaklar\u0131 da temin edilemedi. Mevcut uluslararas\u0131 ve milli petrol \u015firketlerinin faaliyetlerinin devam\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in getirilen vergi indirimleri, bu defa kamu kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n daralmas\u0131na sebep oldu. Uganda i\u00e7in varil ba\u015f\u0131na 40 dolar\u0131n alt\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fmesi demek, \u00fcretimi durdurmaya kadar gidecek bir geli\u015fme. 2020 y\u0131l\u0131 i\u00e7indeki karamsar tablo \u00e7abuk toparland\u0131 ve 2021 a\u011fustos ay\u0131nda 65 dolar\u0131 bulurken, eyl\u00fcl ay\u0131 ortas\u0131nda 74 dolar gibi beklentilerin \u00fczerinde bir fiyata kavu\u015ftu. Cezayir\u2019in b\u00fct\u00e7esinin de y\u00fczde 40\u2019\u0131 petrole dayal\u0131 gelirlere dayan\u0131yor. <\/span>
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AFR\u0130KA\u2019DA PETROL<\/strong><\/span>
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Petrol, ilk \u00f6nceleri ABD\u2019de ke\u015ffedilse de zamanla t\u00fcm \u00fclkelerin ya bizzat sahip olduklar\u0131 veya \u00fcretenleri aras\u0131nda yer ald\u0131klar\u0131, hatta her ikisini birden yapt\u0131klar\u0131 bir \u00fcr\u00fcne d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda Ortado\u011fu\u2019da, \u00f6zellikle Basra K\u00f6rfezi\u2019ndeki petrol yataklar\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131, s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci devletlerin buralar\u0131 bir an evvel i\u015fgal arzular\u0131n\u0131 k\u00f6r\u00fckledi. Afrika\u2019da ise h\u00e2l\u00e2 yeni yataklar\u0131n m\u00fctemadiyen bulunmas\u0131 \u00fczerine bu k\u0131tan\u0131n gelecekte ne kadar etkin olaca\u011f\u0131 ile ilgili \u00e7ok ciddi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcler var. Afrika\u2019da petrol\u00fcn ilk izlerine 1930\u2019larda Bat\u0131 Afrika sahillerinde Senegal, Gabon, Kongo Cumhuriyeti\u2019nde rastland\u0131. Bug\u00fcn Nijerya ve Angola\u2019dan sonra \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc s\u0131radaki en b\u00fcy\u00fck petrol \u00fcreticisi Kuzey Afrika\u2019da Cezayir\u2019de 1956\u2019da, onu takip eden Libya\u2019da ise 1957\u2019de petrol bulundu. Yine g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde en fazla petrol t\u00fcketen ve k\u0131tan\u0131n kuzeydo\u011fusunu kaplayan M\u0131s\u0131r, 1960\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda S\u00fcvey\u015f Kanal\u0131 \u00e7evresinde kendi petrol\u00fcne kavu\u015fmu\u015ftu.<\/span>
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G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Afrika\u2019da petrol \u00fcreticisi 19 \u00fclkenin \u00fcye oldu\u011fu merkezi Kongo Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin ba\u015fkenti Brazavil\u2019de bulunan APPO isimli te\u015fkilat, 19 Kas\u0131m 2020 tarihinde 39. ola\u011fan toplant\u0131s\u0131nda ilk defa 2021 y\u0131l\u0131 i\u00e7in devlet adamlar\u0131n\u0131n kat\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 ilk zirvenin ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesine karar verdi. <\/span>
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YEN\u0130 KE\u015e\u0130FLER<\/strong><\/span>
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K\u0131tada 54 \u00fclke bulunmakta olup bunlar\u0131n her birini petrol \u00fclkesi g\u00f6rmek yanl\u0131\u015f. Ama Sao Tome ve Principe adalar\u0131 gibi toplam 1.000 km2 kara par\u00e7as\u0131 bulunan ada devletleri bile son y\u0131llarda petrol yataklar\u0131 ile d\u00fcnyan\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc \u00fczerlerine \u00e7evirdiyse, ger\u00e7ekten k\u0131ta hen\u00fcz ke\u015ffedilmeyi bekleyen \u00e7ok say\u0131da petrol yata\u011f\u0131na sahip. Her ne kadar ba\u015fta k\u00f6m\u00fcr olmak \u00fczere alt\u0131n, elmas, platin gibi pek \u00e7ok madene sahip G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019n\u0131n ve kendi ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 20\u2019sini ithal etmek zorunda kalan Tunus\u2019un petrol fakiri olduklar\u0131 ifade edilse de \u015fimdilerde onlar da ilgi odaklar\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. 2000\u2019li y\u0131llarda Afrika\u2019da bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkede petrol bulunmas\u0131, her birini ciddi anlamda heyecanland\u0131rd\u0131. <\/span>
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2006 y\u0131l\u0131nda Moritanya\u2019da Atlas Okyanusu\u2019nda \u015einkit \u00fcretim sahas\u0131, ayn\u0131 sene Demokratik Kongo ile Uganda s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131nda ve Albert G\u00f6l\u00fc \u00e7evresinde petrol ve do\u011falgaz tespiti, 2007\u2019de Gana\u2019da Jubilee \u00fcretim sahas\u0131 ve Mozambik Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019nda zengin do\u011falgaz yataklar\u0131 ile Madagaskar sahillerindeki petrol rezervleri ile ilgili veriler, Nijer\u2019de 2011\u2019de Agadem\u2019de \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan petrol, 21. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131 hareketlendirmeye yetecek kadar \u00f6nemli.<\/span>
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G\u0130ZLENEN GER\u00c7EKLER<\/strong><\/span>
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Afrika\u2019da petrol\u00fcn tarihi hakk\u0131yla yaz\u0131labilse herhalde bu vazge\u00e7ilmesi imkans\u0131z kaynakla ilgili bilinen her \u015feyin yeniden \u015fekillenmesi gerekir. Bir\u00e7ok do\u011fru bildiklerimizin eksik ya da yanl\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu, daha nice k\u0131ymeti haiz bilginin ise \u00fcst\u00fc kapal\u0131 ge\u00e7ildi\u011fi ya da kas\u0131tl\u0131 olarak gizlendi\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor. Geli\u015fmi\u015flikleri ile gurur duyan nice Bat\u0131l\u0131 \u00fclkenin asl\u0131nda di\u011fer alanlarda oldu\u011fu gibi ger\u00e7ek de\u011feri \u00fczerinden i\u015flemler y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f olsayd\u0131 herhalde kendileri bu kadar a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 zenginle\u015femezler, Afrikal\u0131lar da bu kadar fakir kalmazlard\u0131. <\/span>
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Tek umut edilen, hep bir \u015fekilde d\u00fcnyada ge\u00e7erli s\u00fcre\u00e7 neyse ayn\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ya\u015famak istemeleri. <\/span>
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K\u0131ta \u00fclkelerinin ba\u015f\u0131ndaki y\u00f6neticilerin demokratik mi, darbeyle mi veya hanedanl\u0131k suretiyle mi iktidara geldiklerine bak\u0131lmaks\u0131z\u0131n derhal ala\u015fa\u011f\u0131 edilmelerinin ba\u015fl\u0131ca sebebi.<\/span>
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ASIL KAZANAN S\u0130MSARLAR<\/strong><\/span>
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Petrolde devaml\u0131 kazananlar, i\u015fletenler ve uluslararas\u0131 pazarlarda m\u00fc\u015fterilere satan firmalar. Petrol sahibi \u00fclkenin kazanc\u0131 varil ba\u015f\u0131na belirlenen fiyatlara ba\u011fl\u0131. Afrika\u2019da uluslararas\u0131 hukuk alan\u0131nda yeti\u015fmi\u015f yerel hukuk\u00e7ular olmay\u0131nca imzalanan t\u00fcm s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler \u00e7ok uluslu \u015firketleri koruyan maddeler y\u00fcz\u00fcnden \u00fcretici \u00fclkeleri ciddi s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lara soktu. Nijerya, 2016 y\u0131l\u0131nda Chevron, Total ve Shell aleyhine 57 milyon ton petrol\u00fcn\u00fc gizledikleri i\u00e7in bunlardan 12.7 milyar dolar \u00f6deme yapmalar\u0131n\u0131 istedi. Glencore ve Trafigura isimli firmalar, \u00f6zellikle \u00c7ad ve Kongo Cumhuriyeti gibi zor durumdaki \u00fclkeleri \u00fcr\u00fcn almadan \u00f6nce \u00f6n \u00f6demelerde bulunarak bor\u00e7land\u0131r\u0131p adeta Orta\u00e7a\u011f ticaret mant\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile bu \u00fclkelerin elini aya\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ba\u011fl\u0131yorlar.<\/span>
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P\u0130YASANIN AKT\u00d6R\u00dc 4 \u00dcLKE<\/strong><\/span>
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D\u00fcnya petrol\u00fcn\u00fcn kaderinde Glencore, Trafigura, Vitol, Mercuria ve Oryx Energies gibi s\u00f6z sahibi birka\u00e7 \u00e7ok uluslu \u015firket ve yine AB, ABD, \u00c7in ve Hindistan d\u00f6rtl\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn t\u00fcketim ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n devam\u0131 \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli. Fransa tek ba\u015f\u0131na Elf ve sonras\u0131nda Total ile 90 y\u0131ll\u0131k petrol tecr\u00fcbesi ile Afrika petrollerinin y\u00fczde 36.4\u2019\u00fcn\u00fc, \u00c7in y\u00fczde 30\u2019unu, Hindistan y\u00fczde 20\u2019sini ve ABD y\u00fczde 20\u2019sini \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131yor. <\/span>
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Bunlar\u0131n \u00f6zellikle Afrika \u00fclkeleri petrollerine al\u0131\u015f\u0131k oldu\u011fu m\u00fc\u015fterilerinden talepleri Rusya ve Suudi Arabistan\u2019\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck fiyatl\u0131 petrol arzlar\u0131 ile d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce rekabete dayanmakta zorlan\u0131yorlar. Hindistan, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc petrol t\u00fcketici \u00fclkesi konumunda. O da Afrika\u2019da Covid sebebiyle \u00fcr\u00fcn al\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 azaltt\u0131. ABD, yaln\u0131z Nijerya\u2019dan y\u00fczde 63 olan ithalat pay\u0131n\u0131 azaltarak, 2019\u2019un son \u00fc\u00e7 ay\u0131nda 15 milyon varil petrol al\u0131rken, bunu 2020\u2019nin ilk \u00fc\u00e7 ay\u0131nda 5.5 milyon varile indirmi\u015fti. \u00c7in g\u00fcnl\u00fck 10 milyon varil petrol t\u00fcketiminin 4 milyon varilini ithal ediyor ve bunun da y\u00fczde 20\u2019sini Afrika \u00fclkelerinden temin ediyor. Sadece CNOOC ve PetroChina yan\u0131nda \u00f6zellikle Sinopec, Asya\u2019n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck ve d\u00fcnyan\u0131n 5. firmas\u0131. Milyonu a\u015fan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131 ile k\u0131taya adeta abanm\u0131\u015f durumda ve y\u0131ll\u0131k i\u015flemlerinin 35 milyar\u0131 yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, toplam 280 milyar dolarl\u0131k i\u015f hacmi var.<\/span><\/p> \t\t\t\t","slug":"afrikaya-petrolden-gunde-1-milyar-dolar","orjinalimage":null,"news_cover_min":null,"news_cover":null,"news_video_min":null,"news_video":null,"cropped_638x552":null,"cropped_310x208":null,"cropped_416x247":null,"cropped_197x247":null,"cropped_416x600":null,"cropped_1200x675":null,"tags":"K\u00f6\u015fe Yaz\u0131s\u0131","meta_title":"Afrika\u2019ya petrolden g\u00fcnde 1 milyar dolar","meta_description":"PROF. DR. AHMET KAVAS","meta_keywords":"K\u00f6\u015fe Yaz\u0131s\u0131","view_count":1088,"yt":0,"ytid":"","ytimage":null,"imgdate":"2000-01-01 00:00:00","cuff_cover":null,"cropped_358x214":null,"cropped_842x474":null}]}}