{"status":true,"post":{"id":35116,"user_id":30,"status":1,"type":1,"orde":null,"notification_type":3,"static_post":0,"published_at":"2022-09-30 00:00:00","created_at":"2022-09-29T21:00:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-09-29T21:00:00.000000Z","edited_at":"2024-12-17 22:35:21","source_id":null,"post_id":35116,"is_featured":0,"title":"Afrika\u2019n\u0131n tah\u0131l\u0131 d\u00fcnyay\u0131 besler","slider_title":null,"slider_title_2":null,"slider_spot_title":null,"slider_spot_title_2":null,"home_title":null,"sub_title":null,"category_id":73,"description":"PROF. DR. AHMET KAVAS","content":"

PROF. DR. AHMET KAVAS<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>

\u2018Afrika ger\u00e7ekten tah\u0131l fakiri bir k\u0131ta m\u0131d\u0131r?\u2019 diye merak eden pek yok. Afrika kendi kendine yetti\u011fi gibi kendisini \u00e7evreleyen Avrupa ve Asya\u2019y\u0131 da beslerken, \u015fimdilerde olu\u015fturulan alg\u0131lara g\u00f6re di\u011fer k\u0131talardan bir \u015fey almad\u0131\u011f\u0131 takdirde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir bunal\u0131ma girecekmi\u015f gibi yans\u0131t\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/strong><\/span>
\u00a0<\/span>
\u00a0Afrika\u2019n\u0131n y\u00fczlerce milyon geni\u015fli\u011findeki verimli ve sulanabilir arazileri; teknolojik aletlerle ve bol \u00fcr\u00fcn veren tohumlarla desteklense, bug\u00fcn 8 milyara ula\u015fan d\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusundan daha fazla insan kitlesini besleyebilecek imkanlara sahip olacak. Afrika\u2019n\u0131n yerel tah\u0131llar\u0131 da \u00f6nemli.\u00a0<\/strong><\/span>

\u00a0Uluslararas\u0131 haber a\u011flar\u0131nda Afrika konulu haberlerin \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funda g\u00fcndem, yeterli tah\u0131l sevkiyat\u0131 yap\u0131lamazsa k\u0131tan\u0131n bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkesinde k\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n had safhaya \u00e7\u0131kaca\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerine\u2026 \u00d6zellikle 2020-2021 y\u0131llar\u0131nda zirve yapan Covid-19 salg\u0131n\u0131 ve 2022 y\u0131l\u0131 \u015fubat ay\u0131nda sava\u015fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fen Rusya-Ukrayna gerginli\u011fi sonras\u0131nda sanki herkesi, \u201cAfrikal\u0131lar ne yiyecek\u201d kayg\u0131lar\u0131na sevketmi\u015f havas\u0131 ya\u015fan\u0131yor. Rusya Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Putin\u2019in a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131 dikkate al\u0131n\u0131rsa tah\u0131l koridorunun a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131yla sevk edilen 203 gemi i\u00e7inde sadece 4 gemi yoksul \u00fclkelere gitmi\u015f. 26 milyon tonu bu\u011fday olmak \u00fczere toplam 67 milyon ton tah\u0131l \u00fcreten Ukrayna ile 143 milyon tonu bu\u011fday, toplam 304 milyon ton tah\u0131l \u00fcreten Rusya, adeta t\u00fcm d\u00fcnya pazar\u0131 i\u00e7in olmazsa olmaz bir tedarik\u00e7i gibi sunuluyor. Oysa bu miktarlar t\u00fcm d\u00fcnya tah\u0131l \u00fcretiminin muhtemelen y\u00fczde 10\u2019undan biraz fazla olup geri kalan miktar di\u011fer \u00fclkelerde \u00fcretiliyor.\u00a0<\/span>

\u00a0TARIM ARAZ\u0130LER\u0130N\u0130N TERK\u0130<\/strong><\/span>

\u00a0\u2018Afrika ger\u00e7ekten tah\u0131l fakiri bir k\u0131ta m\u0131d\u0131r?\u2019 diye merak eden pek yok. Okyanuslarda ve denizlerde her g\u00fcn milyonlarca ton tah\u0131l ta\u015f\u0131yan gemilerin acaba ka\u00e7\u0131 bu co\u011frafyaya gidiyor? Ya da ne kadar\u0131 buradan i\u00e7lerinde tah\u0131l \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc de olan y\u00fcklerini ba\u015fka k\u0131talara g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcr, hi\u00e7 hesap edilmez. Medya mensuplar\u0131n\u0131n ve uluslararas\u0131 ticarete y\u00f6n verenlerin daima birinci s\u0131raya koyduklar\u0131 g\u00fcndem maddeleri aras\u0131nda Afrikal\u0131lar\u0131n yak\u0131n gelecekte ne denli zorluklarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015facaklar\u0131 \u00fczerine yap\u0131lan yorumlar o kadar \u00e7ok ki, bunlar\u0131 okumaya \u00f6m\u00fcr etmez. Birbirlerini tekrar etmenin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda sanki as\u0131l mesele bir \u015feyleri gizlemekten ibaret gibi\u2026\u00a0<\/span>

\u00a0D\u00fcnyada 2020\u2019li y\u0131llarda uluslararas\u0131 ticaret kay\u0131tlar\u0131na girdi\u011fi kadar\u0131yla 3 milyar ton tah\u0131l \u00fcretiliyor. Afrika\u2019n\u0131n bunun i\u00e7inde t\u00fcketti\u011fi miktar belki 300 milyon tonu ancak a\u015fabiliyor. Oysa ki k\u0131ta \u00fclkelerinin toplam n\u00fcfusu neredeyse yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki mevcudun y\u00fczde 20\u2019sini buluyor. D\u00fcnya Ticaret \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn y\u00f6nlendirmeleri ile milyonlarca Afrikal\u0131 tar\u0131m arazilerini terk edip \u015fehir merkezlerine yerle\u015fti.\u00a0<\/span>

\u00a0TAHIL AMBARI KONUMU<\/strong><\/span>

\u00a0Bilinen en az 3 bin y\u0131ll\u0131k tarihi ge\u00e7mi\u015fte Kuzey Afrika, bilhassa Akdeniz havzas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7evreleyen t\u00fcm \u00fclkelerin tah\u0131l ambar\u0131 konumundayd\u0131. Bu k\u0131ta tah\u0131l almaz, bilakis verirdi ve \u00f6zellikle G\u00fcney Avrupa \u00fclkeleri a\u00e7l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131, yoksulluklar\u0131n\u0131 dindirmek, azaltmak i\u00e7in Fas, Cezayir ve Tunus\u2019a muhta\u00e7t\u0131lar. M\u0131s\u0131r tek ba\u015f\u0131na Nil havzas\u0131 ile kendine yak\u0131n t\u00fcm beldelerin g\u0131da deposu gibiydi.\u00a0<\/span>

\u00a0S\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik Afrika\u2019ya 1500\u2019l\u00fc y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda musallat olmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Ancak Osmanl\u0131 Devleti Akdeniz ve K\u0131z\u0131ldeniz\u2019i \u00e7evreleyen sahilleri k\u0131sa zamanda korumaya ald\u0131. B\u00f6ylelikle en az 3 as\u0131r Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n istilalar\u0131 ABD ve Asya taraflar\u0131 ile okyanuslardaki adalara y\u00f6neldi. 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n son \u00e7eyre\u011finde \u015fiddetlenen bu arzular\u0131n\u0131 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirebildiler. Genelde tah\u0131l ambar\u0131 olarak ticari faaliyetlerle elde ettiklerini art\u0131k istedikleri gibi kendi m\u00fclkleri kabul edip s\u00f6m\u00fcrmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Bug\u00fcn bir\u00e7ok k\u0131ta \u00fclkesinde \u00e7ekilen g\u0131da bunal\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n temel sebebi, ananevi usullerle \u00fcrettikleri \u00fcr\u00fcnler yerine verimli arazileri ellerinden al\u0131nan \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerin kendi topraklar\u0131nda \u0131rgat yap\u0131lmalar\u0131 ve elde edilen ne varsa 7 Avrupa devletince hi\u00e7bir gelecek kayg\u0131s\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131madan yok edilmesidir.\u00a0<\/span>

\u00a0Afrikal\u0131lar tan\u0131mad\u0131klar\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcnleri ekip bi\u00e7meye ve t\u00fcketmeye al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Herhangi bir s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 30 milyon kilometrelik devasa co\u011frafyada art\u0131k de\u011fil y\u00fczlerce, hatta binlerce kilometrelik kervan yollar\u0131 ile bunlar\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131p pazarlamak, kendi ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 muhitlerin etraf\u0131nda bile dola\u015fmalar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda yasakland\u0131.<\/span>

\u00a0KEND\u0130NE YETEN KITA<\/strong><\/span>

\u00a0Afrika kendi kendine yetti\u011fi gibi kendisini \u00e7evreleyen Avrupa ve Asya\u2019y\u0131 da beslerken, \u015fimdilerde olu\u015fturulan alg\u0131lara g\u00f6re di\u011fer k\u0131talardan bir \u015fey almazlarsa b\u00fcy\u00fck bir bunal\u0131ma gireceklermi\u015f gibi yans\u0131t\u0131l\u0131yor. S\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fin vurdu\u011fu yakla\u015f\u0131k 100 y\u0131ll\u0131k darbeden sonra kendi kendilerine \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler \u00fcretme a\u015famas\u0131na ge\u00e7tikleri 1990\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda bu defa da k\u00fcreselcilik siyasetine kurban edildiler. Teknolojinin her co\u011frafyada sundu\u011fu imkanlardan gerekli \u015fekillerde istifade edip hem kendilerine hem de d\u00fcnyaya yetecek \u00fcr\u00fcnleri yeti\u015ftirmeyi hesap ederken yeniden D\u00fcnya Ticaret Merkezi\u2019nin \u00e7izdi\u011fi siyasetle ge\u00e7en asr\u0131 da aratacak bir \u00e7\u0131kmaza d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fcler.\u00a0<\/span>

\u00a0K\u0131tan\u0131n kuzeyi hari\u00e7 t\u00fcm Sahraalt\u0131 Afrika\u2019da hi\u00e7 al\u0131\u015fmad\u0131klar\u0131 tah\u0131llar\u0131 kullanmalar\u0131 adeta zorunluluk haline geldi. Belki Senegal gibi sahili bulunan ve d\u0131\u015f pazarlara daha rahat a\u00e7\u0131k \u00fclkelerin en az\u0131ndan ba\u015fkentlerinde bu\u011fday t\u00fcketilse de \u00f6zellikle Mali gibi \u00fclkelerdeki t\u00fcm ekmek f\u0131r\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 iki elin parmaklar\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7mezdi. Kald\u0131 ki, Senegal\u2019de bile 1980\u2019li y\u0131llarda 5.5 milyon n\u00fcfusu ile 100 bin ton bu\u011fday t\u00fcketilirken bug\u00fcn 17 milyon n\u00fcfusu y\u0131ll\u0131k 600 bin tonluk bir t\u00fcketime ula\u015ft\u0131. Yani ihtiyac\u0131 iki kattan fazla artm\u0131\u015f ve 2016 y\u0131l\u0131nda g\u00fcnl\u00fck ekmek t\u00fcketimi 8 milyon adete ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f, un t\u00fcketimi 2000\u2019de ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na y\u0131ll\u0131k 22 kg iken 15 y\u0131l sonra 32 kg\u2019ye \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu\u011fday\u0131 bu kadar cazip hale getirenlerden biri; \u00fcretiminin kolay, fiyat\u0131n\u0131n daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ve her t\u00fcrl\u00fc mamul \u00fcr\u00fcn elde ederken az u\u011fra\u015f\u0131 gerektirmesiydi.\u00a0<\/span>

\u00a0Ancak Rusya-Ukrayna sava\u015f\u0131 gibi uluslararas\u0131 siyasi geli\u015fmeler fiyatlar\u0131 bir anda art\u0131rabiliyor. Bu da Afrikal\u0131lar\u0131 derhal etkiledi\u011fi i\u00e7in siyaset\u00e7iler derhal bu\u011fday unu i\u00e7ine s\u00fcp\u00fcrge dar\u0131s\u0131 (sorgum), soya veya manyok t\u00fcr\u00fc \u00fcr\u00fcnler katarak ekmek fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck tutmaya zorluyor.<\/span>

\u00a0B\u0130R\u00c7OK \u00dcR\u00dcN\u00dcN ANAVATANI<\/strong><\/span>

\u00a0G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde \u015feker pancar\u0131, patates, ay\u00e7i\u00e7e\u011fi gibi bir\u00e7ok \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn anavatan\u0131n\u0131n Amerika k\u0131tas\u0131 oldu\u011fu kabul ediliyor ve bunlar sayesinde Avrupa\u2019da a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 derecede hissedilen g\u0131da \u00fcr\u00fcnleri a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131, 16. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren kapat\u0131l\u0131yordu. Oysa ki Afrika\u2019da iklime ba\u011fl\u0131 afet d\u00f6nemleri hari\u00e7 k\u0131tl\u0131k d\u00f6nemlerine pek rastlanmazken \u015fimdilerde ge\u00e7mi\u015fi aratacak s\u00fcre\u00e7ler daha s\u0131k ya\u015fan\u0131yor. Afrika\u2019n\u0131n y\u00fczlerce milyon geni\u015fli\u011findeki verimli ve sulanabilir arazileri \u0131slah edilip teknolojik aletlerle ve bol \u00fcr\u00fcn veren tohumlarla desteklense, k\u0131ta olarak bug\u00fcn\u00fcn d\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusundan fazla insan kitlesini besleyebilecek imkanlara sahip. Takribi olarak \u015fimdilerde 8 milyara ula\u015fandan daha fazla bir n\u00fcfusun g\u00fcnl\u00fck ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layabilece\u011fi ifade ediliyor.\u00a0<\/span>

\u00a0YEREL TAHILLARI VAR!<\/strong><\/span>

\u00a0Her k\u0131tan\u0131n kendine has \u00fcr\u00fcnleri oldu\u011fu gibi Afrika\u2019da da yerel tah\u0131llar bulunuyor. Bunlardan biri, \u2018fonio\u2019 dedikleri \u2018a\u00e7 pirin\u00e7\u2019 dar\u0131lar\u0131n en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck cinsi olup \u00f6zellikle Bat\u0131 Afrika\u2019da \u00e7ok\u00e7a t\u00fcketilen bir tah\u0131l ve olduk\u00e7a besleyici. Bir t\u00fcr dar\u0131 cinsinden olan bu \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00e7ok \u00e7abuk yeti\u015fmesi ve zor iklimlere dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile \u00fcretenler ve t\u00fcketenler i\u00e7in binlerce y\u0131ll\u0131k ge\u00e7mi\u015fi ile bu b\u00f6lge insanlar\u0131n\u0131n ilk yeti\u015ftirdikleri aras\u0131nda tercih sebebi. Hatta buna \u2018d\u00fcnyan\u0131n tohumu ve tah\u0131llar\u0131n en lezzetlisi\u2019 dahi deniliyor. Daha \u00e7ok Etiyopya ve \u00e7evresinde yeti\u015ftirilen ve \u2018teff\u2019 denilen \u2018demet otu\u2019; \u00f6nemli bir tah\u0131l ve unu ile makarna, kurabiye, kek ve bisk\u00fcvi gibi geni\u015f bir kullan\u0131m alan\u0131na sahip. T\u00fcm Afrika tah\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6zellikleri, \u00fcretildikleri \u00e7evreye uygun \u015fartlarda kolayca ekimlerinin ve hasatlar\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131labilmesi. Hatta m\u0131s\u0131r k\u0131tada \u00e7ok \u00fcretilmesine ra\u011fmen onun yerine bu \u00fcr\u00fcnler tercih ediliyor. THY\u2019nin Encemine\u2019den \u0130stanbul istikametli seferi, 2015 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130stanbul\u2019daki havaalan\u0131nda bir u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n kanad\u0131n\u0131n piste de\u011fmesi y\u00fcz\u00fcnden 6 saat gecikmeli kalkm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Neredeyse d\u00fcnyadaki t\u00fcm havaalanlar\u0131nda benzeri gecikmeler ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Art\u0131k birbirine bu kadar ba\u011fl\u0131 d\u00fcnyada ya\u015famak zorunday\u0131z.<\/span>

\u00a0BA\u011eIMLI HALE GET\u0130R\u0130LD\u0130LER\u00a0<\/strong><\/span>
\u00a0<\/span>
\u00a0Afrikal\u0131lar, t\u00fcketmeye al\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 dar\u0131 ve sorgum yerine Avrupa bu\u011fday\u0131 ve Asya pirinci yemeye ba\u015flad\u0131klar\u0131 zaman bu defa bu iki \u00fcr\u00fcne uluslararas\u0131 pazardaki talep art\u0131nca fiyatlar\u0131 da giderek y\u00fckseldi. Rusya-Ukrayna sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131ndan bir ay ge\u00e7meden bu\u011fday\u0131n tonunun neredeyse iki kat\u0131ndan fazla bir mebla\u011fa ula\u015f\u0131p 422 dolar\u0131 bulmas\u0131, buna son 30 y\u0131lda ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 hale gelen Afrika \u00fclkelerini b\u00fcy\u00fck bir tela\u015fa d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fc.\u00a0<\/span>

\u00a0Yapt\u0131klar\u0131 her t\u00fcrl\u00fc g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeye ra\u011fmen bu \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc en \u00e7ok temin edenler yine Avrupal\u0131lar oldu.<\/span><\/p>","slug":"afrikanin-tahili-dunyayi-besler30092022","tags":"K\u00f6\u015fe Yaz\u0131s\u0131","meta_title":"Afrika\u2019n\u0131n tah\u0131l\u0131 d\u00fcnyay\u0131 besler","meta_description":"PROF. DR. AHMET KAVAS","meta_keywords":"K\u00f6\u015fe Yaz\u0131s\u0131","news_cover_min":null,"news_cover":null,"news_video_min":null,"news_video":null,"view_count":1174,"cropped_1200x675":null,"user":{"id":30,"name":"AHMET","surname":"KAVAS","email":"prof-dr-ahmet-kavas@gmail.com","slug":"prof-dr-ahmet-kavas","avatar":"\/front\/uploads\/avatar\/17336916002RXDhDXyMw3kEXW.webp","status":1,"role":1,"email_verified_at":null,"orde":null,"created_at":"2022-10-24T11:09:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-12-18T09:44:44.000000Z","seo_title":null,"seo_description":null},"translations":[{"id":35215,"is_featured":0,"is_amp":0,"is_ads":0,"ads_link":null,"post_id":35116,"locale":"tr","category_id":73,"title":"Afrika\u2019n\u0131n tah\u0131l\u0131 d\u00fcnyay\u0131 besler","home_title":null,"sub_title":null,"slider_title":null,"slider_title_2":null,"slider_spot_title":null,"slider_spot_title_2":null,"subtitleuse":0,"description":"PROF. DR. AHMET KAVAS","content":"

PROF. DR. AHMET KAVAS<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>

\u2018Afrika ger\u00e7ekten tah\u0131l fakiri bir k\u0131ta m\u0131d\u0131r?\u2019 diye merak eden pek yok. Afrika kendi kendine yetti\u011fi gibi kendisini \u00e7evreleyen Avrupa ve Asya\u2019y\u0131 da beslerken, \u015fimdilerde olu\u015fturulan alg\u0131lara g\u00f6re di\u011fer k\u0131talardan bir \u015fey almad\u0131\u011f\u0131 takdirde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir bunal\u0131ma girecekmi\u015f gibi yans\u0131t\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/strong><\/span>
\u00a0<\/span>
\u00a0Afrika\u2019n\u0131n y\u00fczlerce milyon geni\u015fli\u011findeki verimli ve sulanabilir arazileri; teknolojik aletlerle ve bol \u00fcr\u00fcn veren tohumlarla desteklense, bug\u00fcn 8 milyara ula\u015fan d\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusundan daha fazla insan kitlesini besleyebilecek imkanlara sahip olacak. Afrika\u2019n\u0131n yerel tah\u0131llar\u0131 da \u00f6nemli.\u00a0<\/strong><\/span>

\u00a0Uluslararas\u0131 haber a\u011flar\u0131nda Afrika konulu haberlerin \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funda g\u00fcndem, yeterli tah\u0131l sevkiyat\u0131 yap\u0131lamazsa k\u0131tan\u0131n bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkesinde k\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n had safhaya \u00e7\u0131kaca\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerine\u2026 \u00d6zellikle 2020-2021 y\u0131llar\u0131nda zirve yapan Covid-19 salg\u0131n\u0131 ve 2022 y\u0131l\u0131 \u015fubat ay\u0131nda sava\u015fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fen Rusya-Ukrayna gerginli\u011fi sonras\u0131nda sanki herkesi, \u201cAfrikal\u0131lar ne yiyecek\u201d kayg\u0131lar\u0131na sevketmi\u015f havas\u0131 ya\u015fan\u0131yor. Rusya Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Putin\u2019in a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131 dikkate al\u0131n\u0131rsa tah\u0131l koridorunun a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131yla sevk edilen 203 gemi i\u00e7inde sadece 4 gemi yoksul \u00fclkelere gitmi\u015f. 26 milyon tonu bu\u011fday olmak \u00fczere toplam 67 milyon ton tah\u0131l \u00fcreten Ukrayna ile 143 milyon tonu bu\u011fday, toplam 304 milyon ton tah\u0131l \u00fcreten Rusya, adeta t\u00fcm d\u00fcnya pazar\u0131 i\u00e7in olmazsa olmaz bir tedarik\u00e7i gibi sunuluyor. Oysa bu miktarlar t\u00fcm d\u00fcnya tah\u0131l \u00fcretiminin muhtemelen y\u00fczde 10\u2019undan biraz fazla olup geri kalan miktar di\u011fer \u00fclkelerde \u00fcretiliyor.\u00a0<\/span>

\u00a0TARIM ARAZ\u0130LER\u0130N\u0130N TERK\u0130<\/strong><\/span>

\u00a0\u2018Afrika ger\u00e7ekten tah\u0131l fakiri bir k\u0131ta m\u0131d\u0131r?\u2019 diye merak eden pek yok. Okyanuslarda ve denizlerde her g\u00fcn milyonlarca ton tah\u0131l ta\u015f\u0131yan gemilerin acaba ka\u00e7\u0131 bu co\u011frafyaya gidiyor? Ya da ne kadar\u0131 buradan i\u00e7lerinde tah\u0131l \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc de olan y\u00fcklerini ba\u015fka k\u0131talara g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcr, hi\u00e7 hesap edilmez. Medya mensuplar\u0131n\u0131n ve uluslararas\u0131 ticarete y\u00f6n verenlerin daima birinci s\u0131raya koyduklar\u0131 g\u00fcndem maddeleri aras\u0131nda Afrikal\u0131lar\u0131n yak\u0131n gelecekte ne denli zorluklarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015facaklar\u0131 \u00fczerine yap\u0131lan yorumlar o kadar \u00e7ok ki, bunlar\u0131 okumaya \u00f6m\u00fcr etmez. Birbirlerini tekrar etmenin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda sanki as\u0131l mesele bir \u015feyleri gizlemekten ibaret gibi\u2026\u00a0<\/span>

\u00a0D\u00fcnyada 2020\u2019li y\u0131llarda uluslararas\u0131 ticaret kay\u0131tlar\u0131na girdi\u011fi kadar\u0131yla 3 milyar ton tah\u0131l \u00fcretiliyor. Afrika\u2019n\u0131n bunun i\u00e7inde t\u00fcketti\u011fi miktar belki 300 milyon tonu ancak a\u015fabiliyor. Oysa ki k\u0131ta \u00fclkelerinin toplam n\u00fcfusu neredeyse yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki mevcudun y\u00fczde 20\u2019sini buluyor. D\u00fcnya Ticaret \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn y\u00f6nlendirmeleri ile milyonlarca Afrikal\u0131 tar\u0131m arazilerini terk edip \u015fehir merkezlerine yerle\u015fti.\u00a0<\/span>

\u00a0TAHIL AMBARI KONUMU<\/strong><\/span>

\u00a0Bilinen en az 3 bin y\u0131ll\u0131k tarihi ge\u00e7mi\u015fte Kuzey Afrika, bilhassa Akdeniz havzas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7evreleyen t\u00fcm \u00fclkelerin tah\u0131l ambar\u0131 konumundayd\u0131. Bu k\u0131ta tah\u0131l almaz, bilakis verirdi ve \u00f6zellikle G\u00fcney Avrupa \u00fclkeleri a\u00e7l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131, yoksulluklar\u0131n\u0131 dindirmek, azaltmak i\u00e7in Fas, Cezayir ve Tunus\u2019a muhta\u00e7t\u0131lar. M\u0131s\u0131r tek ba\u015f\u0131na Nil havzas\u0131 ile kendine yak\u0131n t\u00fcm beldelerin g\u0131da deposu gibiydi.\u00a0<\/span>

\u00a0S\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik Afrika\u2019ya 1500\u2019l\u00fc y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda musallat olmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Ancak Osmanl\u0131 Devleti Akdeniz ve K\u0131z\u0131ldeniz\u2019i \u00e7evreleyen sahilleri k\u0131sa zamanda korumaya ald\u0131. B\u00f6ylelikle en az 3 as\u0131r Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n istilalar\u0131 ABD ve Asya taraflar\u0131 ile okyanuslardaki adalara y\u00f6neldi. 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n son \u00e7eyre\u011finde \u015fiddetlenen bu arzular\u0131n\u0131 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirebildiler. Genelde tah\u0131l ambar\u0131 olarak ticari faaliyetlerle elde ettiklerini art\u0131k istedikleri gibi kendi m\u00fclkleri kabul edip s\u00f6m\u00fcrmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Bug\u00fcn bir\u00e7ok k\u0131ta \u00fclkesinde \u00e7ekilen g\u0131da bunal\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n temel sebebi, ananevi usullerle \u00fcrettikleri \u00fcr\u00fcnler yerine verimli arazileri ellerinden al\u0131nan \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerin kendi topraklar\u0131nda \u0131rgat yap\u0131lmalar\u0131 ve elde edilen ne varsa 7 Avrupa devletince hi\u00e7bir gelecek kayg\u0131s\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131madan yok edilmesidir.\u00a0<\/span>

\u00a0Afrikal\u0131lar tan\u0131mad\u0131klar\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcnleri ekip bi\u00e7meye ve t\u00fcketmeye al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Herhangi bir s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 30 milyon kilometrelik devasa co\u011frafyada art\u0131k de\u011fil y\u00fczlerce, hatta binlerce kilometrelik kervan yollar\u0131 ile bunlar\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131p pazarlamak, kendi ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 muhitlerin etraf\u0131nda bile dola\u015fmalar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda yasakland\u0131.<\/span>

\u00a0KEND\u0130NE YETEN KITA<\/strong><\/span>

\u00a0Afrika kendi kendine yetti\u011fi gibi kendisini \u00e7evreleyen Avrupa ve Asya\u2019y\u0131 da beslerken, \u015fimdilerde olu\u015fturulan alg\u0131lara g\u00f6re di\u011fer k\u0131talardan bir \u015fey almazlarsa b\u00fcy\u00fck bir bunal\u0131ma gireceklermi\u015f gibi yans\u0131t\u0131l\u0131yor. S\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fin vurdu\u011fu yakla\u015f\u0131k 100 y\u0131ll\u0131k darbeden sonra kendi kendilerine \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler \u00fcretme a\u015famas\u0131na ge\u00e7tikleri 1990\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda bu defa da k\u00fcreselcilik siyasetine kurban edildiler. Teknolojinin her co\u011frafyada sundu\u011fu imkanlardan gerekli \u015fekillerde istifade edip hem kendilerine hem de d\u00fcnyaya yetecek \u00fcr\u00fcnleri yeti\u015ftirmeyi hesap ederken yeniden D\u00fcnya Ticaret Merkezi\u2019nin \u00e7izdi\u011fi siyasetle ge\u00e7en asr\u0131 da aratacak bir \u00e7\u0131kmaza d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fcler.\u00a0<\/span>

\u00a0K\u0131tan\u0131n kuzeyi hari\u00e7 t\u00fcm Sahraalt\u0131 Afrika\u2019da hi\u00e7 al\u0131\u015fmad\u0131klar\u0131 tah\u0131llar\u0131 kullanmalar\u0131 adeta zorunluluk haline geldi. Belki Senegal gibi sahili bulunan ve d\u0131\u015f pazarlara daha rahat a\u00e7\u0131k \u00fclkelerin en az\u0131ndan ba\u015fkentlerinde bu\u011fday t\u00fcketilse de \u00f6zellikle Mali gibi \u00fclkelerdeki t\u00fcm ekmek f\u0131r\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 iki elin parmaklar\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7mezdi. Kald\u0131 ki, Senegal\u2019de bile 1980\u2019li y\u0131llarda 5.5 milyon n\u00fcfusu ile 100 bin ton bu\u011fday t\u00fcketilirken bug\u00fcn 17 milyon n\u00fcfusu y\u0131ll\u0131k 600 bin tonluk bir t\u00fcketime ula\u015ft\u0131. Yani ihtiyac\u0131 iki kattan fazla artm\u0131\u015f ve 2016 y\u0131l\u0131nda g\u00fcnl\u00fck ekmek t\u00fcketimi 8 milyon adete ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f, un t\u00fcketimi 2000\u2019de ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na y\u0131ll\u0131k 22 kg iken 15 y\u0131l sonra 32 kg\u2019ye \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu\u011fday\u0131 bu kadar cazip hale getirenlerden biri; \u00fcretiminin kolay, fiyat\u0131n\u0131n daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ve her t\u00fcrl\u00fc mamul \u00fcr\u00fcn elde ederken az u\u011fra\u015f\u0131 gerektirmesiydi.\u00a0<\/span>

\u00a0Ancak Rusya-Ukrayna sava\u015f\u0131 gibi uluslararas\u0131 siyasi geli\u015fmeler fiyatlar\u0131 bir anda art\u0131rabiliyor. Bu da Afrikal\u0131lar\u0131 derhal etkiledi\u011fi i\u00e7in siyaset\u00e7iler derhal bu\u011fday unu i\u00e7ine s\u00fcp\u00fcrge dar\u0131s\u0131 (sorgum), soya veya manyok t\u00fcr\u00fc \u00fcr\u00fcnler katarak ekmek fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck tutmaya zorluyor.<\/span>

\u00a0B\u0130R\u00c7OK \u00dcR\u00dcN\u00dcN ANAVATANI<\/strong><\/span>

\u00a0G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde \u015feker pancar\u0131, patates, ay\u00e7i\u00e7e\u011fi gibi bir\u00e7ok \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn anavatan\u0131n\u0131n Amerika k\u0131tas\u0131 oldu\u011fu kabul ediliyor ve bunlar sayesinde Avrupa\u2019da a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 derecede hissedilen g\u0131da \u00fcr\u00fcnleri a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131, 16. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren kapat\u0131l\u0131yordu. Oysa ki Afrika\u2019da iklime ba\u011fl\u0131 afet d\u00f6nemleri hari\u00e7 k\u0131tl\u0131k d\u00f6nemlerine pek rastlanmazken \u015fimdilerde ge\u00e7mi\u015fi aratacak s\u00fcre\u00e7ler daha s\u0131k ya\u015fan\u0131yor. Afrika\u2019n\u0131n y\u00fczlerce milyon geni\u015fli\u011findeki verimli ve sulanabilir arazileri \u0131slah edilip teknolojik aletlerle ve bol \u00fcr\u00fcn veren tohumlarla desteklense, k\u0131ta olarak bug\u00fcn\u00fcn d\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusundan fazla insan kitlesini besleyebilecek imkanlara sahip. Takribi olarak \u015fimdilerde 8 milyara ula\u015fandan daha fazla bir n\u00fcfusun g\u00fcnl\u00fck ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layabilece\u011fi ifade ediliyor.\u00a0<\/span>

\u00a0YEREL TAHILLARI VAR!<\/strong><\/span>

\u00a0Her k\u0131tan\u0131n kendine has \u00fcr\u00fcnleri oldu\u011fu gibi Afrika\u2019da da yerel tah\u0131llar bulunuyor. Bunlardan biri, \u2018fonio\u2019 dedikleri \u2018a\u00e7 pirin\u00e7\u2019 dar\u0131lar\u0131n en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck cinsi olup \u00f6zellikle Bat\u0131 Afrika\u2019da \u00e7ok\u00e7a t\u00fcketilen bir tah\u0131l ve olduk\u00e7a besleyici. Bir t\u00fcr dar\u0131 cinsinden olan bu \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00e7ok \u00e7abuk yeti\u015fmesi ve zor iklimlere dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile \u00fcretenler ve t\u00fcketenler i\u00e7in binlerce y\u0131ll\u0131k ge\u00e7mi\u015fi ile bu b\u00f6lge insanlar\u0131n\u0131n ilk yeti\u015ftirdikleri aras\u0131nda tercih sebebi. Hatta buna \u2018d\u00fcnyan\u0131n tohumu ve tah\u0131llar\u0131n en lezzetlisi\u2019 dahi deniliyor. Daha \u00e7ok Etiyopya ve \u00e7evresinde yeti\u015ftirilen ve \u2018teff\u2019 denilen \u2018demet otu\u2019; \u00f6nemli bir tah\u0131l ve unu ile makarna, kurabiye, kek ve bisk\u00fcvi gibi geni\u015f bir kullan\u0131m alan\u0131na sahip. T\u00fcm Afrika tah\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6zellikleri, \u00fcretildikleri \u00e7evreye uygun \u015fartlarda kolayca ekimlerinin ve hasatlar\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131labilmesi. Hatta m\u0131s\u0131r k\u0131tada \u00e7ok \u00fcretilmesine ra\u011fmen onun yerine bu \u00fcr\u00fcnler tercih ediliyor. THY\u2019nin Encemine\u2019den \u0130stanbul istikametli seferi, 2015 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130stanbul\u2019daki havaalan\u0131nda bir u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n kanad\u0131n\u0131n piste de\u011fmesi y\u00fcz\u00fcnden 6 saat gecikmeli kalkm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Neredeyse d\u00fcnyadaki t\u00fcm havaalanlar\u0131nda benzeri gecikmeler ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Art\u0131k birbirine bu kadar ba\u011fl\u0131 d\u00fcnyada ya\u015famak zorunday\u0131z.<\/span>

\u00a0BA\u011eIMLI HALE GET\u0130R\u0130LD\u0130LER\u00a0<\/strong><\/span>
\u00a0<\/span>
\u00a0Afrikal\u0131lar, t\u00fcketmeye al\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 dar\u0131 ve sorgum yerine Avrupa bu\u011fday\u0131 ve Asya pirinci yemeye ba\u015flad\u0131klar\u0131 zaman bu defa bu iki \u00fcr\u00fcne uluslararas\u0131 pazardaki talep art\u0131nca fiyatlar\u0131 da giderek y\u00fckseldi. Rusya-Ukrayna sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131ndan bir ay ge\u00e7meden bu\u011fday\u0131n tonunun neredeyse iki kat\u0131ndan fazla bir mebla\u011fa ula\u015f\u0131p 422 dolar\u0131 bulmas\u0131, buna son 30 y\u0131lda ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 hale gelen Afrika \u00fclkelerini b\u00fcy\u00fck bir tela\u015fa d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fc.\u00a0<\/span>

\u00a0Yapt\u0131klar\u0131 her t\u00fcrl\u00fc g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeye ra\u011fmen bu \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc en \u00e7ok temin edenler yine Avrupal\u0131lar oldu.<\/span><\/p>","slug":"afrikanin-tahili-dunyayi-besler30092022","orjinalimage":null,"news_cover_min":null,"news_cover":null,"news_video_min":null,"news_video":null,"cropped_638x552":null,"cropped_310x208":null,"cropped_416x247":null,"cropped_197x247":null,"cropped_416x600":null,"cropped_1200x675":null,"tags":"K\u00f6\u015fe Yaz\u0131s\u0131","meta_title":"Afrika\u2019n\u0131n tah\u0131l\u0131 d\u00fcnyay\u0131 besler","meta_description":"PROF. DR. AHMET KAVAS","meta_keywords":"K\u00f6\u015fe Yaz\u0131s\u0131","view_count":1174,"yt":0,"ytid":"","ytimage":null,"imgdate":"2000-01-01 00:00:00","cuff_cover":null,"cropped_358x214":null,"cropped_842x474":null}]}}