<\/p>
PROF. DR. AHMET KAVAS<\/span><\/strong><\/p> Afrika\u2019da 5. yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131 \u00fclke konumundaki Hindistan, 41 \u00fclkede halen 11 milyar dolarl\u0131k yat\u0131r\u0131m projeleri y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcyor. 3 milyon Hintli\u2019nin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u0131taya yakla\u015f\u0131k 20 y\u0131ld\u0131r ciddi oranda yat\u0131r\u0131m yapmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen Hindistan\u2019\u0131n bu u\u011fra\u015f\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n bilin\u00e7li olarak m\u0131 gizli tutuldu\u011fu ya da kimse \u00f6nem vermedi\u011fi i\u00e7in mi dikkatlerden ka\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorgulan\u0131yor.<\/strong><\/span> <\/p> PROF. DR. AHMET KAVAS<\/span><\/strong><\/p> Afrika\u2019da 5. yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131 \u00fclke konumundaki Hindistan, 41 \u00fclkede halen 11 milyar dolarl\u0131k yat\u0131r\u0131m projeleri y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcyor. 3 milyon Hintli\u2019nin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u0131taya yakla\u015f\u0131k 20 y\u0131ld\u0131r ciddi oranda yat\u0131r\u0131m yapmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen Hindistan\u2019\u0131n bu u\u011fra\u015f\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n bilin\u00e7li olarak m\u0131 gizli tutuldu\u011fu ya da kimse \u00f6nem vermedi\u011fi i\u00e7in mi dikkatlerden ka\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorgulan\u0131yor.<\/strong><\/span>
<\/span>
Uluslararas\u0131 ili\u015fkiler alan\u0131nda d\u00fcnyan\u0131n bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkesinin bir \u015fekilde \u2018ben de var\u0131m\u2019 dedi\u011fi k\u0131talar aras\u0131nda Afrika iyice \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. <\/span>
<\/span>
Hindistan\u2019\u0131n 2020\u2019lere geldi\u011fimizde k\u0131tada ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcc\u00fc; \u0130svi\u00e7re, Kanada, \u0130srail ve Rusya\u2019n\u0131nkiler gibi bilinenler yan\u0131nda bilinmeyen olarak dikkat \u00e7ekiyor. Yakla\u015f\u0131k 20 y\u0131ld\u0131r k\u0131tada ciddi oranda yat\u0131r\u0131m yapmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen bu u\u011fra\u015f\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n bilin\u00e7li mi gizli tutuldu\u011fu <\/span>ya da kimse \u00f6nem vermedi\u011fi i\u00e7in mi dikkatlerden uzak oldu\u011fu konusu sorgulan\u0131yor. Ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz 30 y\u0131lda herkes g\u00f6zlerini \u00c7in\u2019in Afrika\u2019ya abanmas\u0131na \u00e7evirse de (ne var ne yok adeta t\u00fcketircesine), hem Asya\u2019da hem de bu k\u0131tada Hintlilerin tav\u0131rlar\u0131 da art\u0131k merak konusu.<\/span>
<\/span>
TAR\u0130H\u0130 DAYANAK<\/strong><\/span>
<\/span>
Hintliler, \u00fcst d\u00fczey ziyaretlerde Afrikal\u0131 devlet adamlar\u0131 ile kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 konu\u015fmalar\u0131nda mutlaka atalar\u0131n\u0131n da kendileri gibi bu k\u0131tayla yak\u0131n temaslar\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifade etme ihtiyac\u0131 hissediyorlar. Hatta h\u0131zlar\u0131n\u0131 alamay\u0131p 2000 y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine gidip eski Yunan kaynaklar\u0131nda bu co\u011frafyan\u0131n do\u011fu k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131ndaki Hintlilerin faaliyetlerinden dem vuruyorlar. 1498\u2019de \u00dcmit Burnu\u2019nu ilk defa dola\u015fan Avrupal\u0131 Vasco da Gama\u2019n\u0131n bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Mozambik\u2019ten itibaren sahillerde Araplar\u0131 ve Hintlileri g\u00f6rmesini kaynak olarak g\u00f6steriyorlar. <\/span>
<\/span>
Oysa ki Hindistan\u2019daki \u0130ngiliz s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fi \u00f6ncesinde bu devasa co\u011frafyay\u0131 Banglade\u015f, Pakistan ve Afganistan dahil idare eden Bab\u00fcrler ve \u00f6ncesinde t\u00fcm M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Delhi sultanl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n Hicaz\u2019a gelip d\u00f6nerken K\u0131z\u0131ldeniz g\u00fczergah\u0131n\u0131 kulland\u0131klar\u0131 biliniyor. <\/span>
<\/span>
\u00d6zellikle farkl\u0131 co\u011frafyalar\u0131n M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131 t\u00fcm co\u011frafyalar gibi Afrika b\u00f6lgesiyle de ciddi ba\u011flar kurmu\u015flard\u0131. S\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci Avrupal\u0131lar\u2019dan \u00f6zellikle Portekizliler ve \u0130ngilizler de bu s\u00fcreci daha yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131lar. Asl\u0131nda Hindistan i\u00e7in bug\u00fcnk\u00fc ekonomik temaslar\u0131na en sa\u011flam ili\u015fki ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131, 1955 y\u0131l\u0131nda Endonezya\u2019da d\u00fczenlenen Bandung Konferans\u0131\u2019nda, \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc D\u00fcnya diye tarif edilen bir\u00e7ok \u00fclke gibi Afrika\u2019dakileri de Hindistan\u2019a yakla\u015ft\u0131rma s\u00fcreci oldu. <\/span>
<\/span>
AFR\u0130KA\u2019NIN H\u0130NTL\u0130LER\u0130<\/strong><\/span>
<\/span>
54 Afrika \u00fclkesinin her birinde geni\u015f kitleler olarak bulunmasalar da toplam 3 milyon Hintli\u2019nin bu k\u0131tada ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 biliniyor. Bunlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 \u0130ngiliz s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fi d\u00f6neminde \u00f6zellikle 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortas\u0131nda k\u00f6le ticareti yasaklan\u0131nca Afrikal\u0131 k\u00f6lelerin yerine Hindistan\u2019da bir d\u00f6nem kal\u0131p geri d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fclmek \u00fczere anla\u015fmal\u0131 getirilen i\u015f\u00e7iler. Ne var ki de\u011fil bunlar\u0131n \u00fclkelerine d\u00f6nmesi sonras\u0131nda iktisadi sebeplerle eski \u0130ngiliz s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeleri Kenya, Tanzanya, Uganda, Malavi, G\u00fcney Afrika, Zimbabve, Zambiya yan\u0131nda Mozambik ve Angola gibi Portekiz s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerine de \u00e7ok say\u0131da Hintli gelip yerle\u015fti. Bunlar Afrika yerlileri ile \u0130ngilizlerin aras\u0131nda k\u0131smen de olsa ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 bir konumdayd\u0131lar ve herhangi bir kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131kta kendilerini getirenlerin taraf\u0131nda yer al\u0131yorlard\u0131.<\/span>
<\/span>
Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinde Asyal\u0131lar da denen bunlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu t\u00fcm varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 geride b\u0131rak\u0131p gitmek zorunda kald\u0131lar. Ne var ki bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Hintli yetkililer, 1893-1915 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019da ya\u015famak zorunda kalan Mahatma Gandi\u2019nin s\u00f6m\u00fcrge kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 tavr\u0131n\u0131n Afrikal\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k hareketlerine \u00f6nc\u00fc oldu\u011funu dile getiriyor. <\/span>
<\/span>
Hindistan Ba\u015fbakan\u0131 Narendra Modi, 2018 y\u0131l\u0131nda Afrika \u00fclkelerine resmi ziyareti s\u0131ras\u0131nda Uganda\u2019daki konu\u015fmas\u0131nda \u0130ngiliz s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fine kar\u015f\u0131 birlikte m\u00fccadele ettiklerini s\u00f6yleyerek dikkat \u00e7ekmek istedi. Muhataplar\u0131n\u0131n dikkatlerini bununla kendi \u00fclkelerine \u00e7ekmeyi denerken asl\u0131nda ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k \u00f6ncesinin Afrikal\u0131lar\u0131, Hintlilerin Avrupal\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilerle birlikte kendilerine kar\u015f\u0131 tav\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 unutmu\u015f de\u011filler. Dahas\u0131 Hint toplumunda g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde h\u00e2l\u00e2 devam eden s\u0131n\u0131flara dayal\u0131 kast d\u00fczeni, Afrikal\u0131lar\u0131n neredeyse t\u00fcm ananevi anlay\u0131\u015flar\u0131na tamamen z\u0131t d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyor. <\/span>
<\/span>
H\u0130NT-\u00c7\u0130N REKABET\u0130 KIZI\u015eIYOR<\/strong><\/span>
<\/span>
1990\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda Sovyetlerin y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131yla Afrika\u2019da olu\u015fan bo\u015flu\u011fu eski s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci Avrupa devletleri yan\u0131nda ilk dolduran Hindistan ve Rusya oldu. Hintlilerin o zamanki ticaret hacmi 2 milyar dolar\u0131 buluyordu. Bunda Afrika\u2019da daha \u00f6nce yerle\u015fmi\u015f kendi vatanda\u015f\u0131 t\u00fcccarlar\u0131n\u0131n etkisi b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fc. \u00c7in\u2019in ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ticaret ancak 500 milyon dolar kadard\u0131. Hindistan bu ilgisini her ne kadar devam ettirse de 2000 y\u0131l\u0131na geldi\u011finde en fazla y\u00fczde 50 art\u0131\u015fla 3 milyar dolar seviyesine ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. <\/span>
<\/span>
Aradan ge\u00e7en 30 y\u0131lda Hindistan, ithalat ve ihracat\u0131 ile Afrika\u2019da 200 milyar dolar\u0131 a\u015fan hacmiyle \u00c7in\u2019i yakalayamasa da 2014 ve 2020 y\u0131llar\u0131nda 70 milyar dolarl\u0131k kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 ticar\u00ee b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc g\u00f6rd\u00fc. Ama rakibi onun neredeyse d\u00f6rt kat\u0131 ticaret yapar hale geldi. <\/span>
<\/span>
Ger\u00e7i Hintlilerin miktar\u0131 da asl\u0131nda \u00f6yle k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmsenemeyecek bir rakam de\u011fildi ve Afrika\u2019da 30 \u00fclkenin Gayri Safi Yurti\u00e7i Milli Has\u0131lalar\u0131 toplam\u0131ndan fazlayd\u0131. \u00c7in ise 2000\u2019li y\u0131llarda yakalad\u0131\u011f\u0131 h\u0131zl\u0131 art\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00f6zellikle son y\u0131llarda sa\u011flayam\u0131yor. Bunda \u00f6zellikle \u00e7ok say\u0131da b\u00fcy\u00fck yat\u0131r\u0131m projelerinin ve s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinin iptalleri etkili oldu.<\/span>
<\/span>
Asya\u2019daki en b\u00fcy\u00fck rakibi olan \u00c7in ile Afrika\u2019da da k\u0131yas\u0131ya m\u00fccadele alan\u0131 a\u00e7an Hindistan, \u00f6zellikle bu k\u0131tadaki 3 milyon vatanda\u015f\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bir taraftan de\u011ferli k\u0131larken kalifiye eleman d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda i\u015f\u00e7i getirmeyip yerelleri \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmakla \u00f6v\u00fcn\u00fcyor. Yine Afrikal\u0131 devletleri \u00f6deyemeyecekleri bor\u00e7 almaya zorlamas\u0131n\u0131 da ciddi ciddi ele\u015ftiriyor. \u00d6te yandan \u00c7in\u2019in devlet destekli b\u00fcy\u00fck projeleri ile yetinmesi yerine kendi \u00f6zel m\u00fcte\u015febbislerinin yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131yla Afrikal\u0131lar\u0131 \u00fcretime sevk etti\u011fini, sadece bir pazar olarak g\u00f6rmedi\u011fini dile getiriyor. \u0130la\u00e7 sanayi ve ileti\u015fim ise Afrika\u2019da Hindistan\u2019\u0131n \u00f6ncelikli alanlar\u0131 olarak biliniyor. <\/span>
<\/span>
H\u0130NTL\u0130\u2019N\u0130N \u0130HT\u0130YACI HAMMADDE <\/strong><\/span>
<\/span>
Afrika\u2019da Hindistan\u2019\u0131n bu kadar etkinlik sa\u011flama gayretinin ard\u0131nda y\u0131ll\u0131k y\u00fczde 8\u2019i bulan kalk\u0131nma h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 devam ettirmek i\u00e7in hammadde kaynaklar\u0131na her ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn daha fazla ihtiya\u00e7 duymas\u0131d\u0131r. Arap d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n petrolleri yan\u0131nda Angola ve Nijerya\u2019dan da ciddi anlamda al\u0131\u015f yap\u0131yor. Avrupa pazarlar\u0131ndan umdu\u011funu bulamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli \u00fcr\u00fcn kalemleri i\u00e7in mutlaka farkl\u0131 pazar pay\u0131 aramas\u0131 da etkiliydi. Ger\u00e7i toplam ihracat\u0131n\u0131n hen\u00fcz y\u00fczde 11 kadar\u0131n\u0131 Afrika\u2019ya ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiriyor. <\/span>
<\/span>
Afrika\u2019da Hindistan\u2019\u0131n 2020-2021 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda en \u00e7ok ithalat ve ihracat miktarlar\u0131 ile en fazla ticaret yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda Nijerya ve G\u00fcney Afrika Cumhuriyeti geliyor ve her biri y\u0131ll\u0131k 10 milyar dolar\u0131n \u00e7ok \u00fcst\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. Bunlar\u0131 Tanzanya, Gana, Angola, Gine, Kenya, Mozambik, Togo ve Senegal takip ediyor. Sadece Gana\u2019da ithalat ve ihracatta 3 milyar dolar\u0131 a\u015fan ticaret hacminde k\u0131ymetli madenler 1.7 milyarl\u0131k k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 kapat\u0131yor. Bu \u00fclkede irili ufakl\u0131 toplam 730 proje Hintli i\u015f adamlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcstlenilmi\u015f durumda ve bunlar\u0131n toplam bedeli ise 1.7 milyar tutar\u0131nda. <\/span>
<\/span>
Hindistan ile \u00c7in\u2019i Afrika\u2019da rekabete s\u00fcr\u00fckleyen asl\u0131nda petrolden do\u011falgaza ve t\u00fcm hammadde kaynaklar\u0131na daha kolay ve fazla ula\u015fabilme m\u00fccadelesi. Asl\u0131nda sadece bunlar de\u011fil, Fransa ve Almanya gibi bu k\u0131tadan say\u0131s\u0131z kaynak alanlar\u0131n neredeyse hi\u00e7biri yerel \u00fcretilmi\u015f \u00fcr\u00fcn ithal etme derdinde de\u011filler. Sadece hammadde kaynaklar\u0131 alarak bu devasa co\u011frafyan\u0131n sanayisinin geli\u015fmesine hangi seviyede katk\u0131 sa\u011flayacaklar\u0131 hi\u00e7 g\u00fcndeme gelmiyor. \u0130kili ili\u015fkiler her ne kadar her ortamda kazan-kazan siyaseti \u015feklinde tekrarlansa da asl\u0131nda bu i\u015ften k\u00e2rl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kanlar sadece d\u00fcnyaya y\u00f6n veren tedarik\u00e7i \u00fclkeler. <\/span>
<\/span>
G\u00dc\u00c7L\u00dc OLDU\u011eU ALANLAR <\/strong><\/span>
<\/span>
\u00c7in k\u0131tan\u0131n bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkesinden tedarik yaparken, Hindistan da ayn\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 Nijerya gibi baz\u0131 Bat\u0131 Afrika \u00fclkelerinden, genelde ise Do\u011fu Afrika\u2019daki eski \u0130ngiliz s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerinden yap\u0131yor. \u00c7in, k\u0131tan\u0131n t\u00fcm pazarlar\u0131na ucuz pahal\u0131 demeden her t\u00fcrl\u00fc \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc sevk edip adeta yerel pazarlar\u0131 da darmada\u011f\u0131n ederken, en yak\u0131n rakibi ise mesela ila\u00e7 sekt\u00f6r\u00fc gibi hayati bir alana a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k veriyor. Kimya end\u00fcstrisi, zirai \u00fcretim, teknoloji aktar\u0131m\u0131 yan\u0131nda ileti\u015fim sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde \u00f6zellikle Airtel ile 15 Afrika \u00fclkesinde etkinlik kurmu\u015f durumda. <\/span>
<\/span>
\u015eimdiden 80 milyonu a\u015fan abonesi 21 k\u0131ta \u00fclkesinde 210 milyon m\u00fc\u015fteriye ula\u015fan Fransa\u2019n\u0131n Orange \u015firketinden sonra \u00f6nemli bir konuma geldi.<\/span>
<\/span>
RAK\u0130PLE MUKAYESE<\/strong><\/span>
<\/span>
Hintliler, \u00c7inli rakipleri kendileri ile mukayese ederken kendilerini Afrikal\u0131lara daha yak\u0131n dost g\u00f6steriyorlar. K\u0131tan\u0131n neredeyse her taraf\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 bulunan \u00c7in, her t\u00fcrl\u00fc insan kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kendi \u00fclkesinden getirirken Hindistan ise halen neredeyse yar\u0131s\u0131na yak\u0131n\u0131 G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019da olmak \u00fczere Kenya, Uganda ve di\u011fer baz\u0131 \u00fclkelerde 100 bini bulan say\u0131lar\u0131, toplamda <\/span>
3 milyonu a\u015fan kendi insan\u0131na ra\u011fmen Afrika\u2019ya sadece m\u00fchendis ve kalifiye g\u00f6revli getirmesi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda yerellerle \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia ediyor. Ayr\u0131ca Afrika \u00fclkelerinin verilen kredilerle bor\u00e7land\u0131r\u0131lmalar\u0131n\u0131 da ele\u015ftirilerine ilave ederken, \u00f6zellikle 1960 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren ciddi yat\u0131r\u0131mlar i\u00e7in m\u00fc\u015favirlik hizmeti vermekle \u00f6v\u00fcn\u00fcyorlar. Kald\u0131 ki Hindistan da Afrika devletlerine kredi veriyor ama bunlar\u0131n faizleri \u00c7in kredilerine g\u00f6re \u00e7ok daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck seviyede. Afrika\u2019da 5. yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131 \u00fclke olarak toplamda verdi\u011fi 180\u2019den fazla kredi ile 41 \u00fclkede halen 11 milyar dolarl\u0131k yat\u0131r\u0131m projeleri devam ediyor. Oysa ki \u00c7in ile k\u0131yas edildi\u011finde o kadar \u00e7ok kredi a\u00e7acak g\u00fcce sahip bulunmuyor. Cibuti\u2019nin ba\u015fkentinden Etiyopya\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015fkenti Addis Ababa tren yoluna 300 milyon kredi vermesi, \u00c7in\u2019den farkl\u0131 davranmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor. <\/span>
<\/strong><\/span>
H\u0130ND\u0130STAN-AFR\u0130KA Z\u0130RVELER\u0130N\u0130N \u0130K\u0130L\u0130 \u0130L\u0130\u015eK\u0130LERE YANSIMALARI<\/strong><\/span>
<\/span>
T\u00fcrkiye gibi 2008 y\u0131l\u0131nda Hindistan da daha \u00f6nce uluslararas\u0131 ili\u015fkilerinde pek al\u0131\u015f\u0131k olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir etkile\u015fime girerek ilk defa Afrika\u2019da denedi\u011fi devlet adamlar\u0131n\u0131n kat\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131 ile zirveler d\u00fczenlemeye ba\u015flad\u0131 ve bunlar her \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131lda bir tekrarlanacakt\u0131. \u0130lkini 2008 y\u0131l\u0131nda 11 devlet adam\u0131 ile Yeni Delhi\u2019de yaparken, 15 \u00fcst d\u00fczey devlet adam\u0131 kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131yla 2011\u2019de ikincisini Etiyopya\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015fkenti Addis Ababa\u2019da ve \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc de yine kendi ba\u015fkentinde 2015\u2019te ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi. Fakat aradan ge\u00e7en 7 y\u0131la ra\u011fmen bir daha zirve i\u00e7in giri\u015fimde bulunmad\u0131. Hindistan\u2019\u0131n Afrika\u2019ya ilgisi sadece ekonomi, yat\u0131r\u0131m, pazar ve diplomasi ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fil. Ayn\u0131 zamanda Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler G\u00fcvenlik Konseyi Daimi \u00dcyeli\u011fi i\u00e7in \u00c7in gibi Afrika\u2019n\u0131n 54 \u00fclkesinin siyasi deste\u011fini istiyor. <\/span>
<\/span>
D\u0130L AVANTAJLARI<\/strong><\/span>
<\/strong><\/span>
Hindistan\u2019\u0131n Afrika\u2019da elini kolayla\u015ft\u0131ran bir di\u011fer konu, Hintlilerin \u0130ngilizceye hakim olmalar\u0131\u2026 Bu durum Afrikal\u0131larla daha rahat irtibat kurmalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131yor. Hindistan\u2019da bir\u00e7ok hastane, bir\u00e7ok k\u0131ta \u00fclkesindeki sa\u011fl\u0131k kurulu\u015flar\u0131 ile uzaktan g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcl\u00fc t\u0131bb\u00ee etkile\u015fim a\u011flar\u0131 kurdu. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde 20 binin \u00fczerinde Afrikal\u0131 gen\u00e7 Hindistan\u2019daki bir \u00fcniversiteye kaydolup uzaktan y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretimlerine devam ediyor. <\/span>
<\/strong><\/span>
D\u0130PLOMAS\u0130 NE DURUMDA?<\/strong><\/span>
<\/span>
Hindistan, Afrika\u2019da art\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ekonomik g\u00fcc\u00fcne ba\u011fl\u0131 olmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken diplomaside \u00e7ok gerilerden geldi\u011fini fark etti. Narendra Modi\u2019nin 2015\u2019te ba\u015fbakanl\u0131\u011fa gelmesinden sonra el\u00e7ilik say\u0131s\u0131 13 art\u0131r\u0131larak \u00f6nce 30\u2019a \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 2018 Temmuz ay\u0131ndan 2021 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar ise 18 yeni sefaret a\u00e7maya karar verdi. Say\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 2021\u2019de 43 yapt\u0131 ve dahas\u0131 5 yeni b\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7ilik a\u00e7ma \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 da devam ediyor. <\/span>
<\/span>
Hem Asya\u2019da hem de Afrika\u2019daki en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc rakibi \u00c7in ise ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde 48 olan sefaretini 52\u2019ye \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. Daha da dikkat \u00e7eken taraf, Afrika\u2019da \u00c7in 7 bin 500 diplomat bulundururken ve Singapur gibi k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir \u00fclkenin bile 850 diplomat\u0131 varken Hindistan\u2019\u0131n bu rakam\u0131 940\u2019ta tutmas\u0131 bir zafiyet olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor.<\/span><\/p> \t\t\t\t","slug":"afrikadaki-bilinmeyen-aktor-hindistan","tags":"K\u00f6\u015fe Yaz\u0131s\u0131","meta_title":"Afrika\u2019daki bilinmeyen akt\u00f6r H\u0130ND\u0130STAN","meta_description":"PROF. DR. AHMET KAVAS","meta_keywords":"K\u00f6\u015fe Yaz\u0131s\u0131","news_cover_min":null,"news_cover":null,"news_video_min":null,"news_video":null,"view_count":1151,"cropped_1200x675":null,"user":{"id":30,"name":"AHMET","surname":"KAVAS","email":"prof-dr-ahmet-kavas@gmail.com","slug":"prof-dr-ahmet-kavas","avatar":"\/front\/uploads\/avatar\/17336916002RXDhDXyMw3kEXW.webp","status":1,"role":1,"email_verified_at":null,"orde":null,"created_at":"2022-10-24T11:09:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-12-18T09:44:44.000000Z","seo_title":null,"seo_description":null},"translations":[{"id":34738,"is_featured":0,"is_amp":0,"is_ads":0,"ads_link":null,"post_id":34639,"locale":"tr","category_id":73,"title":"Afrika\u2019daki bilinmeyen akt\u00f6r H\u0130ND\u0130STAN","home_title":null,"sub_title":null,"slider_title":null,"slider_title_2":null,"slider_spot_title":null,"slider_spot_title_2":null,"subtitleuse":0,"description":null,"content":" \t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t
<\/span>
Uluslararas\u0131 ili\u015fkiler alan\u0131nda d\u00fcnyan\u0131n bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkesinin bir \u015fekilde \u2018ben de var\u0131m\u2019 dedi\u011fi k\u0131talar aras\u0131nda Afrika iyice \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. <\/span>
<\/span>
Hindistan\u2019\u0131n 2020\u2019lere geldi\u011fimizde k\u0131tada ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcc\u00fc; \u0130svi\u00e7re, Kanada, \u0130srail ve Rusya\u2019n\u0131nkiler gibi bilinenler yan\u0131nda bilinmeyen olarak dikkat \u00e7ekiyor. Yakla\u015f\u0131k 20 y\u0131ld\u0131r k\u0131tada ciddi oranda yat\u0131r\u0131m yapmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen bu u\u011fra\u015f\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n bilin\u00e7li mi gizli tutuldu\u011fu <\/span>ya da kimse \u00f6nem vermedi\u011fi i\u00e7in mi dikkatlerden uzak oldu\u011fu konusu sorgulan\u0131yor. Ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz 30 y\u0131lda herkes g\u00f6zlerini \u00c7in\u2019in Afrika\u2019ya abanmas\u0131na \u00e7evirse de (ne var ne yok adeta t\u00fcketircesine), hem Asya\u2019da hem de bu k\u0131tada Hintlilerin tav\u0131rlar\u0131 da art\u0131k merak konusu.<\/span>
<\/span>
TAR\u0130H\u0130 DAYANAK<\/strong><\/span>
<\/span>
Hintliler, \u00fcst d\u00fczey ziyaretlerde Afrikal\u0131 devlet adamlar\u0131 ile kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 konu\u015fmalar\u0131nda mutlaka atalar\u0131n\u0131n da kendileri gibi bu k\u0131tayla yak\u0131n temaslar\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifade etme ihtiyac\u0131 hissediyorlar. Hatta h\u0131zlar\u0131n\u0131 alamay\u0131p 2000 y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine gidip eski Yunan kaynaklar\u0131nda bu co\u011frafyan\u0131n do\u011fu k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131ndaki Hintlilerin faaliyetlerinden dem vuruyorlar. 1498\u2019de \u00dcmit Burnu\u2019nu ilk defa dola\u015fan Avrupal\u0131 Vasco da Gama\u2019n\u0131n bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Mozambik\u2019ten itibaren sahillerde Araplar\u0131 ve Hintlileri g\u00f6rmesini kaynak olarak g\u00f6steriyorlar. <\/span>
<\/span>
Oysa ki Hindistan\u2019daki \u0130ngiliz s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fi \u00f6ncesinde bu devasa co\u011frafyay\u0131 Banglade\u015f, Pakistan ve Afganistan dahil idare eden Bab\u00fcrler ve \u00f6ncesinde t\u00fcm M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Delhi sultanl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n Hicaz\u2019a gelip d\u00f6nerken K\u0131z\u0131ldeniz g\u00fczergah\u0131n\u0131 kulland\u0131klar\u0131 biliniyor. <\/span>
<\/span>
\u00d6zellikle farkl\u0131 co\u011frafyalar\u0131n M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131 t\u00fcm co\u011frafyalar gibi Afrika b\u00f6lgesiyle de ciddi ba\u011flar kurmu\u015flard\u0131. S\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci Avrupal\u0131lar\u2019dan \u00f6zellikle Portekizliler ve \u0130ngilizler de bu s\u00fcreci daha yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131lar. Asl\u0131nda Hindistan i\u00e7in bug\u00fcnk\u00fc ekonomik temaslar\u0131na en sa\u011flam ili\u015fki ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131, 1955 y\u0131l\u0131nda Endonezya\u2019da d\u00fczenlenen Bandung Konferans\u0131\u2019nda, \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc D\u00fcnya diye tarif edilen bir\u00e7ok \u00fclke gibi Afrika\u2019dakileri de Hindistan\u2019a yakla\u015ft\u0131rma s\u00fcreci oldu. <\/span>
<\/span>
AFR\u0130KA\u2019NIN H\u0130NTL\u0130LER\u0130<\/strong><\/span>
<\/span>
54 Afrika \u00fclkesinin her birinde geni\u015f kitleler olarak bulunmasalar da toplam 3 milyon Hintli\u2019nin bu k\u0131tada ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 biliniyor. Bunlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 \u0130ngiliz s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fi d\u00f6neminde \u00f6zellikle 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortas\u0131nda k\u00f6le ticareti yasaklan\u0131nca Afrikal\u0131 k\u00f6lelerin yerine Hindistan\u2019da bir d\u00f6nem kal\u0131p geri d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fclmek \u00fczere anla\u015fmal\u0131 getirilen i\u015f\u00e7iler. Ne var ki de\u011fil bunlar\u0131n \u00fclkelerine d\u00f6nmesi sonras\u0131nda iktisadi sebeplerle eski \u0130ngiliz s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeleri Kenya, Tanzanya, Uganda, Malavi, G\u00fcney Afrika, Zimbabve, Zambiya yan\u0131nda Mozambik ve Angola gibi Portekiz s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerine de \u00e7ok say\u0131da Hintli gelip yerle\u015fti. Bunlar Afrika yerlileri ile \u0130ngilizlerin aras\u0131nda k\u0131smen de olsa ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 bir konumdayd\u0131lar ve herhangi bir kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131kta kendilerini getirenlerin taraf\u0131nda yer al\u0131yorlard\u0131.<\/span>
<\/span>
Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinde Asyal\u0131lar da denen bunlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu t\u00fcm varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 geride b\u0131rak\u0131p gitmek zorunda kald\u0131lar. Ne var ki bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Hintli yetkililer, 1893-1915 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019da ya\u015famak zorunda kalan Mahatma Gandi\u2019nin s\u00f6m\u00fcrge kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 tavr\u0131n\u0131n Afrikal\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k hareketlerine \u00f6nc\u00fc oldu\u011funu dile getiriyor. <\/span>
<\/span>
Hindistan Ba\u015fbakan\u0131 Narendra Modi, 2018 y\u0131l\u0131nda Afrika \u00fclkelerine resmi ziyareti s\u0131ras\u0131nda Uganda\u2019daki konu\u015fmas\u0131nda \u0130ngiliz s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fine kar\u015f\u0131 birlikte m\u00fccadele ettiklerini s\u00f6yleyerek dikkat \u00e7ekmek istedi. Muhataplar\u0131n\u0131n dikkatlerini bununla kendi \u00fclkelerine \u00e7ekmeyi denerken asl\u0131nda ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k \u00f6ncesinin Afrikal\u0131lar\u0131, Hintlilerin Avrupal\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilerle birlikte kendilerine kar\u015f\u0131 tav\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 unutmu\u015f de\u011filler. Dahas\u0131 Hint toplumunda g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde h\u00e2l\u00e2 devam eden s\u0131n\u0131flara dayal\u0131 kast d\u00fczeni, Afrikal\u0131lar\u0131n neredeyse t\u00fcm ananevi anlay\u0131\u015flar\u0131na tamamen z\u0131t d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyor. <\/span>
<\/span>
H\u0130NT-\u00c7\u0130N REKABET\u0130 KIZI\u015eIYOR<\/strong><\/span>
<\/span>
1990\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda Sovyetlerin y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131yla Afrika\u2019da olu\u015fan bo\u015flu\u011fu eski s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci Avrupa devletleri yan\u0131nda ilk dolduran Hindistan ve Rusya oldu. Hintlilerin o zamanki ticaret hacmi 2 milyar dolar\u0131 buluyordu. Bunda Afrika\u2019da daha \u00f6nce yerle\u015fmi\u015f kendi vatanda\u015f\u0131 t\u00fcccarlar\u0131n\u0131n etkisi b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fc. \u00c7in\u2019in ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ticaret ancak 500 milyon dolar kadard\u0131. Hindistan bu ilgisini her ne kadar devam ettirse de 2000 y\u0131l\u0131na geldi\u011finde en fazla y\u00fczde 50 art\u0131\u015fla 3 milyar dolar seviyesine ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. <\/span>
<\/span>
Aradan ge\u00e7en 30 y\u0131lda Hindistan, ithalat ve ihracat\u0131 ile Afrika\u2019da 200 milyar dolar\u0131 a\u015fan hacmiyle \u00c7in\u2019i yakalayamasa da 2014 ve 2020 y\u0131llar\u0131nda 70 milyar dolarl\u0131k kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 ticar\u00ee b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc g\u00f6rd\u00fc. Ama rakibi onun neredeyse d\u00f6rt kat\u0131 ticaret yapar hale geldi. <\/span>
<\/span>
Ger\u00e7i Hintlilerin miktar\u0131 da asl\u0131nda \u00f6yle k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmsenemeyecek bir rakam de\u011fildi ve Afrika\u2019da 30 \u00fclkenin Gayri Safi Yurti\u00e7i Milli Has\u0131lalar\u0131 toplam\u0131ndan fazlayd\u0131. \u00c7in ise 2000\u2019li y\u0131llarda yakalad\u0131\u011f\u0131 h\u0131zl\u0131 art\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00f6zellikle son y\u0131llarda sa\u011flayam\u0131yor. Bunda \u00f6zellikle \u00e7ok say\u0131da b\u00fcy\u00fck yat\u0131r\u0131m projelerinin ve s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinin iptalleri etkili oldu.<\/span>
<\/span>
Asya\u2019daki en b\u00fcy\u00fck rakibi olan \u00c7in ile Afrika\u2019da da k\u0131yas\u0131ya m\u00fccadele alan\u0131 a\u00e7an Hindistan, \u00f6zellikle bu k\u0131tadaki 3 milyon vatanda\u015f\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bir taraftan de\u011ferli k\u0131larken kalifiye eleman d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda i\u015f\u00e7i getirmeyip yerelleri \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmakla \u00f6v\u00fcn\u00fcyor. Yine Afrikal\u0131 devletleri \u00f6deyemeyecekleri bor\u00e7 almaya zorlamas\u0131n\u0131 da ciddi ciddi ele\u015ftiriyor. \u00d6te yandan \u00c7in\u2019in devlet destekli b\u00fcy\u00fck projeleri ile yetinmesi yerine kendi \u00f6zel m\u00fcte\u015febbislerinin yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131yla Afrikal\u0131lar\u0131 \u00fcretime sevk etti\u011fini, sadece bir pazar olarak g\u00f6rmedi\u011fini dile getiriyor. \u0130la\u00e7 sanayi ve ileti\u015fim ise Afrika\u2019da Hindistan\u2019\u0131n \u00f6ncelikli alanlar\u0131 olarak biliniyor. <\/span>
<\/span>
H\u0130NTL\u0130\u2019N\u0130N \u0130HT\u0130YACI HAMMADDE <\/strong><\/span>
<\/span>
Afrika\u2019da Hindistan\u2019\u0131n bu kadar etkinlik sa\u011flama gayretinin ard\u0131nda y\u0131ll\u0131k y\u00fczde 8\u2019i bulan kalk\u0131nma h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 devam ettirmek i\u00e7in hammadde kaynaklar\u0131na her ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn daha fazla ihtiya\u00e7 duymas\u0131d\u0131r. Arap d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n petrolleri yan\u0131nda Angola ve Nijerya\u2019dan da ciddi anlamda al\u0131\u015f yap\u0131yor. Avrupa pazarlar\u0131ndan umdu\u011funu bulamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli \u00fcr\u00fcn kalemleri i\u00e7in mutlaka farkl\u0131 pazar pay\u0131 aramas\u0131 da etkiliydi. Ger\u00e7i toplam ihracat\u0131n\u0131n hen\u00fcz y\u00fczde 11 kadar\u0131n\u0131 Afrika\u2019ya ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiriyor. <\/span>
<\/span>
Afrika\u2019da Hindistan\u2019\u0131n 2020-2021 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda en \u00e7ok ithalat ve ihracat miktarlar\u0131 ile en fazla ticaret yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda Nijerya ve G\u00fcney Afrika Cumhuriyeti geliyor ve her biri y\u0131ll\u0131k 10 milyar dolar\u0131n \u00e7ok \u00fcst\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. Bunlar\u0131 Tanzanya, Gana, Angola, Gine, Kenya, Mozambik, Togo ve Senegal takip ediyor. Sadece Gana\u2019da ithalat ve ihracatta 3 milyar dolar\u0131 a\u015fan ticaret hacminde k\u0131ymetli madenler 1.7 milyarl\u0131k k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 kapat\u0131yor. Bu \u00fclkede irili ufakl\u0131 toplam 730 proje Hintli i\u015f adamlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcstlenilmi\u015f durumda ve bunlar\u0131n toplam bedeli ise 1.7 milyar tutar\u0131nda. <\/span>
<\/span>
Hindistan ile \u00c7in\u2019i Afrika\u2019da rekabete s\u00fcr\u00fckleyen asl\u0131nda petrolden do\u011falgaza ve t\u00fcm hammadde kaynaklar\u0131na daha kolay ve fazla ula\u015fabilme m\u00fccadelesi. Asl\u0131nda sadece bunlar de\u011fil, Fransa ve Almanya gibi bu k\u0131tadan say\u0131s\u0131z kaynak alanlar\u0131n neredeyse hi\u00e7biri yerel \u00fcretilmi\u015f \u00fcr\u00fcn ithal etme derdinde de\u011filler. Sadece hammadde kaynaklar\u0131 alarak bu devasa co\u011frafyan\u0131n sanayisinin geli\u015fmesine hangi seviyede katk\u0131 sa\u011flayacaklar\u0131 hi\u00e7 g\u00fcndeme gelmiyor. \u0130kili ili\u015fkiler her ne kadar her ortamda kazan-kazan siyaseti \u015feklinde tekrarlansa da asl\u0131nda bu i\u015ften k\u00e2rl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kanlar sadece d\u00fcnyaya y\u00f6n veren tedarik\u00e7i \u00fclkeler. <\/span>
<\/span>
G\u00dc\u00c7L\u00dc OLDU\u011eU ALANLAR <\/strong><\/span>
<\/span>
\u00c7in k\u0131tan\u0131n bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkesinden tedarik yaparken, Hindistan da ayn\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 Nijerya gibi baz\u0131 Bat\u0131 Afrika \u00fclkelerinden, genelde ise Do\u011fu Afrika\u2019daki eski \u0130ngiliz s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerinden yap\u0131yor. \u00c7in, k\u0131tan\u0131n t\u00fcm pazarlar\u0131na ucuz pahal\u0131 demeden her t\u00fcrl\u00fc \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc sevk edip adeta yerel pazarlar\u0131 da darmada\u011f\u0131n ederken, en yak\u0131n rakibi ise mesela ila\u00e7 sekt\u00f6r\u00fc gibi hayati bir alana a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k veriyor. Kimya end\u00fcstrisi, zirai \u00fcretim, teknoloji aktar\u0131m\u0131 yan\u0131nda ileti\u015fim sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde \u00f6zellikle Airtel ile 15 Afrika \u00fclkesinde etkinlik kurmu\u015f durumda. <\/span>
<\/span>
\u015eimdiden 80 milyonu a\u015fan abonesi 21 k\u0131ta \u00fclkesinde 210 milyon m\u00fc\u015fteriye ula\u015fan Fransa\u2019n\u0131n Orange \u015firketinden sonra \u00f6nemli bir konuma geldi.<\/span>
<\/span>
RAK\u0130PLE MUKAYESE<\/strong><\/span>
<\/span>
Hintliler, \u00c7inli rakipleri kendileri ile mukayese ederken kendilerini Afrikal\u0131lara daha yak\u0131n dost g\u00f6steriyorlar. K\u0131tan\u0131n neredeyse her taraf\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 bulunan \u00c7in, her t\u00fcrl\u00fc insan kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kendi \u00fclkesinden getirirken Hindistan ise halen neredeyse yar\u0131s\u0131na yak\u0131n\u0131 G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019da olmak \u00fczere Kenya, Uganda ve di\u011fer baz\u0131 \u00fclkelerde 100 bini bulan say\u0131lar\u0131, toplamda <\/span>
3 milyonu a\u015fan kendi insan\u0131na ra\u011fmen Afrika\u2019ya sadece m\u00fchendis ve kalifiye g\u00f6revli getirmesi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda yerellerle \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia ediyor. Ayr\u0131ca Afrika \u00fclkelerinin verilen kredilerle bor\u00e7land\u0131r\u0131lmalar\u0131n\u0131 da ele\u015ftirilerine ilave ederken, \u00f6zellikle 1960 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren ciddi yat\u0131r\u0131mlar i\u00e7in m\u00fc\u015favirlik hizmeti vermekle \u00f6v\u00fcn\u00fcyorlar. Kald\u0131 ki Hindistan da Afrika devletlerine kredi veriyor ama bunlar\u0131n faizleri \u00c7in kredilerine g\u00f6re \u00e7ok daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck seviyede. Afrika\u2019da 5. yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131 \u00fclke olarak toplamda verdi\u011fi 180\u2019den fazla kredi ile 41 \u00fclkede halen 11 milyar dolarl\u0131k yat\u0131r\u0131m projeleri devam ediyor. Oysa ki \u00c7in ile k\u0131yas edildi\u011finde o kadar \u00e7ok kredi a\u00e7acak g\u00fcce sahip bulunmuyor. Cibuti\u2019nin ba\u015fkentinden Etiyopya\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015fkenti Addis Ababa tren yoluna 300 milyon kredi vermesi, \u00c7in\u2019den farkl\u0131 davranmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor. <\/span>
<\/strong><\/span>
H\u0130ND\u0130STAN-AFR\u0130KA Z\u0130RVELER\u0130N\u0130N \u0130K\u0130L\u0130 \u0130L\u0130\u015eK\u0130LERE YANSIMALARI<\/strong><\/span>
<\/span>
T\u00fcrkiye gibi 2008 y\u0131l\u0131nda Hindistan da daha \u00f6nce uluslararas\u0131 ili\u015fkilerinde pek al\u0131\u015f\u0131k olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir etkile\u015fime girerek ilk defa Afrika\u2019da denedi\u011fi devlet adamlar\u0131n\u0131n kat\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131 ile zirveler d\u00fczenlemeye ba\u015flad\u0131 ve bunlar her \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131lda bir tekrarlanacakt\u0131. \u0130lkini 2008 y\u0131l\u0131nda 11 devlet adam\u0131 ile Yeni Delhi\u2019de yaparken, 15 \u00fcst d\u00fczey devlet adam\u0131 kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131yla 2011\u2019de ikincisini Etiyopya\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015fkenti Addis Ababa\u2019da ve \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc de yine kendi ba\u015fkentinde 2015\u2019te ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi. Fakat aradan ge\u00e7en 7 y\u0131la ra\u011fmen bir daha zirve i\u00e7in giri\u015fimde bulunmad\u0131. Hindistan\u2019\u0131n Afrika\u2019ya ilgisi sadece ekonomi, yat\u0131r\u0131m, pazar ve diplomasi ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fil. Ayn\u0131 zamanda Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler G\u00fcvenlik Konseyi Daimi \u00dcyeli\u011fi i\u00e7in \u00c7in gibi Afrika\u2019n\u0131n 54 \u00fclkesinin siyasi deste\u011fini istiyor. <\/span>
<\/span>
D\u0130L AVANTAJLARI<\/strong><\/span>
<\/strong><\/span>
Hindistan\u2019\u0131n Afrika\u2019da elini kolayla\u015ft\u0131ran bir di\u011fer konu, Hintlilerin \u0130ngilizceye hakim olmalar\u0131\u2026 Bu durum Afrikal\u0131larla daha rahat irtibat kurmalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131yor. Hindistan\u2019da bir\u00e7ok hastane, bir\u00e7ok k\u0131ta \u00fclkesindeki sa\u011fl\u0131k kurulu\u015flar\u0131 ile uzaktan g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcl\u00fc t\u0131bb\u00ee etkile\u015fim a\u011flar\u0131 kurdu. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde 20 binin \u00fczerinde Afrikal\u0131 gen\u00e7 Hindistan\u2019daki bir \u00fcniversiteye kaydolup uzaktan y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretimlerine devam ediyor. <\/span>
<\/strong><\/span>
D\u0130PLOMAS\u0130 NE DURUMDA?<\/strong><\/span>
<\/span>
Hindistan, Afrika\u2019da art\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ekonomik g\u00fcc\u00fcne ba\u011fl\u0131 olmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken diplomaside \u00e7ok gerilerden geldi\u011fini fark etti. Narendra Modi\u2019nin 2015\u2019te ba\u015fbakanl\u0131\u011fa gelmesinden sonra el\u00e7ilik say\u0131s\u0131 13 art\u0131r\u0131larak \u00f6nce 30\u2019a \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 2018 Temmuz ay\u0131ndan 2021 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar ise 18 yeni sefaret a\u00e7maya karar verdi. Say\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 2021\u2019de 43 yapt\u0131 ve dahas\u0131 5 yeni b\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7ilik a\u00e7ma \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 da devam ediyor. <\/span>
<\/span>
Hem Asya\u2019da hem de Afrika\u2019daki en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc rakibi \u00c7in ise ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde 48 olan sefaretini 52\u2019ye \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. Daha da dikkat \u00e7eken taraf, Afrika\u2019da \u00c7in 7 bin 500 diplomat bulundururken ve Singapur gibi k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir \u00fclkenin bile 850 diplomat\u0131 varken Hindistan\u2019\u0131n bu rakam\u0131 940\u2019ta tutmas\u0131 bir zafiyet olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor.<\/span><\/p> \t\t\t\t","slug":"afrikadaki-bilinmeyen-aktor-hindistan","orjinalimage":null,"news_cover_min":null,"news_cover":null,"news_video_min":null,"news_video":null,"cropped_638x552":null,"cropped_310x208":null,"cropped_416x247":null,"cropped_197x247":null,"cropped_416x600":null,"cropped_1200x675":null,"tags":"K\u00f6\u015fe Yaz\u0131s\u0131","meta_title":"Afrika\u2019daki bilinmeyen akt\u00f6r H\u0130ND\u0130STAN","meta_description":"PROF. DR. AHMET KAVAS","meta_keywords":"K\u00f6\u015fe Yaz\u0131s\u0131","view_count":1151,"yt":0,"ytid":"","ytimage":null,"imgdate":"2000-01-01 00:00:00","cuff_cover":null,"cropped_358x214":null,"cropped_842x474":null}]}}