{"status":true,"post":{"id":26883,"user_id":30,"status":1,"type":1,"orde":null,"notification_type":3,"static_post":0,"published_at":"2022-10-24 15:23:29","created_at":"2021-06-03T21:00:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-10-24T12:23:29.000000Z","edited_at":"2024-12-17 22:35:21","source_id":null,"post_id":26883,"is_featured":0,"title":"Afrika\u2019da k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn de talihi kara","slider_title":null,"slider_title_2":null,"slider_spot_title":null,"slider_spot_title_2":null,"home_title":null,"sub_title":null,"category_id":73,"description":null,"content":" \t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t

PROF. DR. AHMET KAVAS<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

Paris\u2019te imzalanan COP21 anla\u015fmas\u0131, kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 devletlerce kabul edilince, Afrikal\u0131 devlet adamlar\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6m\u00fcrle ilgili t\u00fcm hayalleri birer kabusa d\u00f6nd\u00fc. Zira art\u0131k bu madenin d\u00fcnya genelinde \u00f6zellikle enerji \u00fcretimi dahil kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 imk\u00e2ns\u0131z hale geliyordu. <\/strong><\/span>
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Avrupal\u0131lar, yak\u0131n bir ge\u00e7mi\u015fe kadar her t\u00fcrl\u00fc \u00e7\u0131karma ve ta\u015f\u0131ma masraflar\u0131na ra\u011fmen hesaps\u0131zca kulland\u0131klar\u0131 k\u00f6m\u00fcrden \u015fimdi Afrikal\u0131lar\u0131 uzak tutmak i\u00e7in ciddi u\u011fra\u015f veriyorlar. Afrika\u2019da bu i\u015ften ge\u00e7inen binlerce insan\u0131n kara talihi i\u00e7in \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f aran\u0131yor.<\/strong><\/span>
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Hayat\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n ayr\u0131lmaz par\u00e7as\u0131 haline gelen elektrik, t\u00fcm d\u00fcnya toplumlar\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131k istifade etmeden yapamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir enerji kayna\u011f\u0131. \u00c7ok de\u011fil, bilhassa 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda zirve yapan s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik d\u00f6nemi ve takip eden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinde Afrika\u2019da ise bu bir ihtiyaca d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmedi ve hep ne i\u015fe yarad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hissedenlerin oran\u0131 yok denecek kadar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck kald\u0131. \u015eimdilerde ise k\u00f6m\u00fcr, do\u011falgaz, petrol, hidrolik, r\u00fczg\u00e2r, g\u00fcne\u015f, jeotermal ve daha ba\u015fka yollarla bu k\u0131tada da bol miktarda elde edilmeye ba\u015fland\u0131. Yine de 2020\u2019li y\u0131llarda bir Afrikal\u0131\u2019n\u0131n enerji t\u00fcketimi 600 kilovat (KW) seviyesinde kal\u0131rken, bir \u00c7inli\u2019de bu rakam 4000 KW\u2019\u0131 buluyor. \u00d6zellikle enerji temini konusunda kaynaklardan biri var ki, onun hikayesi hepsinden ayr\u0131l\u0131yor. Zaman\u0131nda kendisiyle ilgilenen herkes i\u00e7in \u00e7ok k\u0131ymetliyken Afrikal\u0131lara sadece bin bir zahmet ve i\u015fkence alt\u0131nda onun hamall\u0131\u011f\u0131 yapt\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yordu. O da k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn \u00e7\u0131kartt\u0131r\u0131l\u0131p uzak co\u011frafyalara ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131ndan ibaretti.<\/span>
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PAZARIN ANA AKT\u00d6RLER\u0130<\/strong><\/span>
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Afrika, d\u00fcnya genelindeki k\u00f6m\u00fcr kullan\u0131m\u0131nda neredeyse yok denecek bir seviyedeydi. Zaten bilinen maden yataklar\u0131ndaki rezervi bir trilyon tonu ge\u00e7en miktar dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, 33 milyar ton ile toplam\u0131n y\u00fczde 4\u2019\u00fcn\u00fc zor buluyor. Fakat her ge\u00e7en sene, bilhassa Afrika\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcney b\u00f6lgesindeki \u00fclkelerde yeni yataklar devreye sokularak bu miktar\u0131n artmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn. <\/span>
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1970\u2019li y\u0131llarda Afrika\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcney b\u00f6lgesindeki \u00fclkelerde k\u00f6m\u00fcr madenleri birer birer devreye al\u0131nmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. \u00d6yle ki, G\u00fcney Afrika Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin ard\u0131ndan 2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda ikinci olan Zimbabve\u2019nin yerini 2015\u2019te Mozambik al\u0131nca \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc konuma d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Mozambik ise uluslararas\u0131 k\u00f6m\u00fcr pazar\u0131n\u0131n hedefine girdi ve kok k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcnde d\u00fcnya pazarlar\u0131nda ciddi al\u0131m yapan m\u00fc\u015fterileri \u00e7ekebiliyor. Bostvana, Afrika\u2019da k\u00f6m\u00fcr sanayi ile tan\u0131\u015fan en yeni \u00fclkelerden biri. Hedefi, kom\u015fusu G\u00fcney Afrika Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin ard\u0131ndan k\u0131tada ikinci b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00fcretici \u00fclke olmakt\u0131. Hatta bu hamlesi \u2018k\u00f6m\u00fcr devinin uyan\u0131\u015f\u0131\u2019 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. <\/span>
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D\u00fcnyada k\u00f6m\u00fcre ilginin h\u0131zla d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bir d\u00f6nemde Demokratik Kongo Cumhuriyeti, Etiyopya, Kenya ve Madagaskar, bu anlamda \u00fczerlerindeki zincirleri k\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. K\u00f6m\u00fcrleri sadece bak\u0131r madenleri, demiryolu ve deniz ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki ihtiya\u00e7lar i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan Demokratik Kongo Cumhuriyeti, belli bir \u00fcretim seviyesine ula\u015ft\u0131. 2017 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar bu madende ismi pek ge\u00e7meyen Kenya, art\u0131k bundan sanayisinde ve \u015fehirleri ayd\u0131nlatmada istifade etmek istiyor. Her ne kadar madenlerini i\u015fletmede belli bir ilerleme kaydetmese de Etiyopya\u2019da zengin k\u00f6m\u00fcr yataklar\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 herkes\u00e7e biliniyor. Frans\u0131z s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fi d\u00f6neminde adeta d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyaya kapat\u0131lan \u00fclkelerden d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck ada devleti Madagaskar, k\u00f6m\u00fcr madeninden istifade etmeye ancak 2012 y\u0131l\u0131 sonras\u0131nda ba\u015flayabildi ve 2017\u2019de bu sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn say\u0131l\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131 buraya ilgi duymaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Bat\u0131 Afrika\u2019da istisnai olarak Nijerya ve Nijer de bu madenleri i\u015fleten \u00fclkeler aras\u0131ndaki yerlerini ald\u0131.<\/span>
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Senegal ve Kamerun ise termik santrallerini, ihra\u00e7 ettikleri k\u00f6m\u00fcrlerle \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yor. <\/span>
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PROJELER \u0130PTAL<\/strong><\/span>
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2004 y\u0131l\u0131nda Almanya\u2019n\u0131n Kuzey Ren Vestfalya eyaletinde vatanda\u015flar\u0131m\u0131za y\u00f6nelik konferanslar\u0131m s\u0131ras\u0131nda yakla\u015f\u0131k <\/span>
10 g\u00fcn bulunmu\u015f, o s\u0131rada k\u00f6m\u00fcr madenlerinin k\u0131sa s\u00fcre \u00f6nce kapat\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u00fcrecinin ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u015fahit olmu\u015ftum. Y\u0131llard\u0131r i\u015fletilen ocaklar\u0131n art\u0131k ekonomik olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131klar\u0131, ton ba\u015f\u0131na 300 mark\u0131 ge\u00e7en maliyet yerine ba\u015fka k\u0131talardan, belki de G\u00fcney Afrika gibi \u00fclkelerden, tonu 90 mark\u0131 bulmayan k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn Hamburg liman\u0131na teslim edildi\u011fi konu\u015fuluyordu. Afrikal\u0131lar hen\u00fcz nimetlerinden faydalanamad\u0131klar\u0131 bu de\u011ferin Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc sanayi devleti i\u00e7in can simidi oldu\u011fundan haberdar bile de\u011fillerdi. <\/span>
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\u015eimdilerde ise nimetinden faydalanmay\u0131 \u00fcmit ederken, 21 Aral\u0131k 2015 tarihinde Paris\u2019te g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fclen COP anla\u015fmas\u0131 kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 devletlerce kabul edilip imzalan\u0131nca Afrikal\u0131 devlet adamlar\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6m\u00fcrle ilgili t\u00fcm hayalleri birer kabusa d\u00f6nd\u00fc. Zira art\u0131k bu madenin d\u00fcnya genelinde \u00f6zellikle enerji \u00fcretimi amac\u0131 da dahil kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 imk\u00e2ns\u0131z hale geliyordu. Bu anla\u015fman\u0131n hemen \u00f6ncesinde ba\u015flayan neredeyse b\u00fcy\u00fck projelerin tamam\u0131 ya durduruldu ya da iptal edildi. Finans temin eden \u00f6nemli kurulu\u015flar bu alana adeta bir daha d\u00f6nmemek \u00fczere veda ettiler. Mesela Kenya\u2019n\u0131n Lamu Adas\u0131, d\u00fcnya k\u00fclt\u00fcr miras\u0131 yerler aras\u0131nda yer al\u0131yor. Burada 2013 y\u0131l\u0131nda Afrika Kalk\u0131nma Bankas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n da deste\u011fi ile bizzat devletin giri\u015fimi yan\u0131nda Ummanl\u0131, \u00c7inli ve ABD\u2019li d\u00f6rtl\u00fc konsorsiyum k\u00f6m\u00fcrle \u00e7al\u0131\u015facak bir termik santral yapma projesine giri\u015fti. ABD bu hamlesinden 2019 y\u0131l\u0131 kas\u0131m ay\u0131nda \u00e7ekilince, yap\u0131m s\u00fcreci b\u00fcy\u00fck bir yara ald\u0131. Enerji \u00fcretimi s\u0131ras\u0131nda en fazla kirlilik sa\u011flamas\u0131 sebebiyle bundan \u00e7ekildi\u011fini belirtti. Hatta Afrika Kalk\u0131nma Bankas\u0131\u2019ndan bir yetkili de Afrika\u2019da art\u0131k k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn kullan\u0131m alan\u0131n\u0131n kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, bunun ge\u00e7mi\u015fe ait bir sanayi oldu\u011funu ifade etti. Yine de bu t\u00fcr konu\u015fmalar\u0131n ihtiyatla kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi ve k\u0131tan\u0131n bilhassa g\u00fcneyini \u00e7evreleyen \u00fclkelerin tamam\u0131na yak\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekleriyle \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015fmedi\u011fi ve bir kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 da biliniyor.<\/span>
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2015 y\u0131l\u0131 sonunda Paris\u2019te imzalanan COP21 anla\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan Afrika \u00fclkelerinin de kendilerini t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyay\u0131 ilgilendiren k\u00f6m\u00fcre dayal\u0131 enerji \u00fcretme i\u015fini yava\u015flatma, hatta durdurma te\u015febb\u00fcslerinden tecrit etmeleri imk\u00e2ns\u0131z g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. Zaten <\/span>
2018-2019 y\u0131llar\u0131nda d\u00fcnya genelinde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen 15 GW g\u00fcc\u00fcndeki farkl\u0131 projelerin ask\u0131ya al\u0131nmas\u0131 ya da durdurulmas\u0131 da herkesi bu y\u00f6nde kararlar almaya zorlad\u0131. Hatta k\u00f6m\u00fcr yak\u0131tl\u0131 iki \u00f6zel projesiyle toplam 940 MW\u2019lik enerji \u00fcretmeyi hedefleyen G\u00fcney Afrika Cumhuriyeti de bundan nasibini ald\u0131. Zira finans\u00f6r konumundaki bankalar\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131 desteklerini sona erdirdiler. Ne var ki, bunun tam uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131n kendilerine verece\u011fi zararlar y\u00fcz\u00fcnden i\u00e7lerinden baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n gizlice bu t\u00fcr k\u00f6m\u00fcr santrallerine Kenya\u2019n\u0131n Lamu Adas\u0131\u2019nda oldu\u011fu gibi k\u0131smi de olsa desteklerini s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyorlar.<\/span>
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ENERJ\u0130DE KAYNAK DA\u011eILIMI<\/strong><\/span>
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Uluslararas\u0131 Enerji Ajans\u0131\u2019n\u0131n verilerine g\u00f6re 2018 y\u0131l\u0131nda Afrika\u2019da enerji \u00fcretiminde do\u011falgaz y\u00fczde 39 ile birinci s\u0131rada yer al\u0131rken, onu y\u00fczde 31\u2019lik oranla k\u00f6m\u00fcr takip ediyor. Bunlar\u0131n ard\u0131ndan y\u00fczde 15 ile hidrolik, y\u00fczde 9 ile petrol ve y\u00fczde 5 ile yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklar\u0131 geliyor. Bu alanda \u015fampiyonluk G\u00fcney Afrika Cumhuriyeti\u2019nde olup t\u00fcm elektrik \u00fcretiminin y\u00fczde 86\u2019s\u0131n\u0131 k\u00f6m\u00fcrden sa\u011fl\u0131yor. Milli Elektrik \u015eirketi ESKOM ise Kusile ve Medupi\u2019de ya\u015fanan ekonomik s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lara ra\u011fmen 9.6 gigavatl\u0131k (GW) iki k\u00f6m\u00fcr santralinin in\u015fas\u0131n\u0131 devam ettirmekte kararl\u0131. Bu arada Fas, Zimbabve, Madagaskar ve Senegal gibi \u00fclkelerde de termik enerji \u00fcretiminde benzeri ama\u00e7la kurulan santraller faaliyetlerini s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyor.<\/span>
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\u00c7\u0130N DESTEKL\u0130 YATIRIMLAR<\/strong><\/span>
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K\u0131tada geli\u015ftirilme a\u015famas\u0131ndaki 29.5 GW g\u00fcce sahip enerji ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layacak t\u00fcm yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n 22.5 GW\u2019\u0131 bulan projelere tek ba\u015f\u0131na \u00c7in taraf\u0131ndan destek sa\u011flan\u0131yor. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde her t\u00fcrl\u00fc ihtiyac\u0131na katk\u0131 amac\u0131yla M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da kurulmakta olan 6 bin MW\u2019l\u0131k \u00fcnite ve benzeri Nijerya, Mozambik, Fildi\u015fi Sahili ve Etiyopya\u2019da in\u015fas\u0131 devam eden do\u011falgaz, petrol ve \u00f6zellikle g\u00fcne\u015f ve r\u00fczg\u00e2r gibi yenilenebilir imkanlarla \u00e7ok say\u0131da enerji \u00fcretimi projesi devam ediyor.<\/span>
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B\u0130NLERCE MADENC\u0130N\u0130N GELECE\u011e\u0130<\/strong><\/span>
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Uzmanlara g\u00f6re Afrika\u2019n\u0131n mevcut \u015fartlar\u0131 hemen hemen d\u00fcnya ortalamas\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok \u00fczerinde m\u00fcspet sonu\u00e7lar verse de yak\u0131n ve orta gelecekte y\u00fczde 100 yenilenebilir enerjiye ge\u00e7mesi i\u00e7in kimse \u00e7ok \u00fcmitvar olmak g\u00f6r\u00fcnm\u00fcyor. Di\u011fer taraftan, k\u0131tan\u0131n 2018 y\u0131l\u0131 itibar\u0131yla 700 teravat (TWh) olan enerji t\u00fcketimi 2040 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00fc\u00e7 kat artacak ve 2.300 TWh\u2019a \u00e7\u0131kaca\u011f\u0131 da bir ger\u00e7ek. K\u00f6m\u00fcr madenlerine sadece \u00e7evrecilik hassasiyeti ve fosil yak\u0131t olmas\u0131 sebebiyle ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131, hatta i\u015flenmesi s\u00fcrecinde pahal\u0131 bir enerji kayna\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6z\u00fcyle bak\u0131lmas\u0131 baz\u0131 hususlar\u0131 dikkatten ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131yor. Sadece G\u00fcney Afrika Cumhuriyeti\u2019ndeki madenlerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan 100 bine yak\u0131n maden i\u015f\u00e7isi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda pek \u00e7ok sekt\u00f6rdeki insan da ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131k ve santrallerdeki her t\u00fcrl\u00fc hizmette istihdam edilerek g\u00fcnl\u00fck kazan\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 bundan temin ediyor. Ba\u015fka enerji kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 devreye koymadan bu madenlerden elde edilen elektrik \u00fcretimini durdurman\u0131n do\u011furaca\u011f\u0131 ekonomik s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar bir tarafa sosyal gerginliklere yol a\u00e7aca\u011f\u0131 da biliniyor.<\/span><\/p> \t\t\t\t","slug":"afrikada-komurun-de-talihi-kara","tags":"K\u00f6\u015fe Yaz\u0131s\u0131","meta_title":"Afrika\u2019da k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn de talihi kara","meta_description":"PROF. DR. AHMET KAVAS","meta_keywords":"K\u00f6\u015fe Yaz\u0131s\u0131","news_cover_min":null,"news_cover":null,"news_video_min":null,"news_video":null,"view_count":1128,"cropped_1200x675":null,"user":{"id":30,"name":"AHMET","surname":"KAVAS","email":"prof-dr-ahmet-kavas@gmail.com","slug":"prof-dr-ahmet-kavas","avatar":"\/front\/uploads\/avatar\/17336916002RXDhDXyMw3kEXW.webp","status":1,"role":1,"email_verified_at":null,"orde":null,"created_at":"2022-10-24T11:09:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-12-18T09:44:44.000000Z","seo_title":null,"seo_description":null},"translations":[{"id":26982,"is_featured":0,"is_amp":0,"is_ads":0,"ads_link":null,"post_id":26883,"locale":"tr","category_id":73,"title":"Afrika\u2019da k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn de talihi kara","home_title":null,"sub_title":null,"slider_title":null,"slider_title_2":null,"slider_spot_title":null,"slider_spot_title_2":null,"subtitleuse":0,"description":null,"content":" \t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t

PROF. DR. AHMET KAVAS<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

Paris\u2019te imzalanan COP21 anla\u015fmas\u0131, kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 devletlerce kabul edilince, Afrikal\u0131 devlet adamlar\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6m\u00fcrle ilgili t\u00fcm hayalleri birer kabusa d\u00f6nd\u00fc. Zira art\u0131k bu madenin d\u00fcnya genelinde \u00f6zellikle enerji \u00fcretimi dahil kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 imk\u00e2ns\u0131z hale geliyordu. <\/strong><\/span>
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Avrupal\u0131lar, yak\u0131n bir ge\u00e7mi\u015fe kadar her t\u00fcrl\u00fc \u00e7\u0131karma ve ta\u015f\u0131ma masraflar\u0131na ra\u011fmen hesaps\u0131zca kulland\u0131klar\u0131 k\u00f6m\u00fcrden \u015fimdi Afrikal\u0131lar\u0131 uzak tutmak i\u00e7in ciddi u\u011fra\u015f veriyorlar. Afrika\u2019da bu i\u015ften ge\u00e7inen binlerce insan\u0131n kara talihi i\u00e7in \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f aran\u0131yor.<\/strong><\/span>
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Hayat\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n ayr\u0131lmaz par\u00e7as\u0131 haline gelen elektrik, t\u00fcm d\u00fcnya toplumlar\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131k istifade etmeden yapamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir enerji kayna\u011f\u0131. \u00c7ok de\u011fil, bilhassa 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda zirve yapan s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik d\u00f6nemi ve takip eden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinde Afrika\u2019da ise bu bir ihtiyaca d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmedi ve hep ne i\u015fe yarad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hissedenlerin oran\u0131 yok denecek kadar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck kald\u0131. \u015eimdilerde ise k\u00f6m\u00fcr, do\u011falgaz, petrol, hidrolik, r\u00fczg\u00e2r, g\u00fcne\u015f, jeotermal ve daha ba\u015fka yollarla bu k\u0131tada da bol miktarda elde edilmeye ba\u015fland\u0131. Yine de 2020\u2019li y\u0131llarda bir Afrikal\u0131\u2019n\u0131n enerji t\u00fcketimi 600 kilovat (KW) seviyesinde kal\u0131rken, bir \u00c7inli\u2019de bu rakam 4000 KW\u2019\u0131 buluyor. \u00d6zellikle enerji temini konusunda kaynaklardan biri var ki, onun hikayesi hepsinden ayr\u0131l\u0131yor. Zaman\u0131nda kendisiyle ilgilenen herkes i\u00e7in \u00e7ok k\u0131ymetliyken Afrikal\u0131lara sadece bin bir zahmet ve i\u015fkence alt\u0131nda onun hamall\u0131\u011f\u0131 yapt\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yordu. O da k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn \u00e7\u0131kartt\u0131r\u0131l\u0131p uzak co\u011frafyalara ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131ndan ibaretti.<\/span>
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PAZARIN ANA AKT\u00d6RLER\u0130<\/strong><\/span>
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Afrika, d\u00fcnya genelindeki k\u00f6m\u00fcr kullan\u0131m\u0131nda neredeyse yok denecek bir seviyedeydi. Zaten bilinen maden yataklar\u0131ndaki rezervi bir trilyon tonu ge\u00e7en miktar dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, 33 milyar ton ile toplam\u0131n y\u00fczde 4\u2019\u00fcn\u00fc zor buluyor. Fakat her ge\u00e7en sene, bilhassa Afrika\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcney b\u00f6lgesindeki \u00fclkelerde yeni yataklar devreye sokularak bu miktar\u0131n artmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn. <\/span>
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1970\u2019li y\u0131llarda Afrika\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcney b\u00f6lgesindeki \u00fclkelerde k\u00f6m\u00fcr madenleri birer birer devreye al\u0131nmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. \u00d6yle ki, G\u00fcney Afrika Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin ard\u0131ndan 2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda ikinci olan Zimbabve\u2019nin yerini 2015\u2019te Mozambik al\u0131nca \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc konuma d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Mozambik ise uluslararas\u0131 k\u00f6m\u00fcr pazar\u0131n\u0131n hedefine girdi ve kok k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcnde d\u00fcnya pazarlar\u0131nda ciddi al\u0131m yapan m\u00fc\u015fterileri \u00e7ekebiliyor. Bostvana, Afrika\u2019da k\u00f6m\u00fcr sanayi ile tan\u0131\u015fan en yeni \u00fclkelerden biri. Hedefi, kom\u015fusu G\u00fcney Afrika Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin ard\u0131ndan k\u0131tada ikinci b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00fcretici \u00fclke olmakt\u0131. Hatta bu hamlesi \u2018k\u00f6m\u00fcr devinin uyan\u0131\u015f\u0131\u2019 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. <\/span>
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D\u00fcnyada k\u00f6m\u00fcre ilginin h\u0131zla d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bir d\u00f6nemde Demokratik Kongo Cumhuriyeti, Etiyopya, Kenya ve Madagaskar, bu anlamda \u00fczerlerindeki zincirleri k\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. K\u00f6m\u00fcrleri sadece bak\u0131r madenleri, demiryolu ve deniz ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki ihtiya\u00e7lar i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan Demokratik Kongo Cumhuriyeti, belli bir \u00fcretim seviyesine ula\u015ft\u0131. 2017 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar bu madende ismi pek ge\u00e7meyen Kenya, art\u0131k bundan sanayisinde ve \u015fehirleri ayd\u0131nlatmada istifade etmek istiyor. Her ne kadar madenlerini i\u015fletmede belli bir ilerleme kaydetmese de Etiyopya\u2019da zengin k\u00f6m\u00fcr yataklar\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 herkes\u00e7e biliniyor. Frans\u0131z s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fi d\u00f6neminde adeta d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyaya kapat\u0131lan \u00fclkelerden d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck ada devleti Madagaskar, k\u00f6m\u00fcr madeninden istifade etmeye ancak 2012 y\u0131l\u0131 sonras\u0131nda ba\u015flayabildi ve 2017\u2019de bu sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn say\u0131l\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131 buraya ilgi duymaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Bat\u0131 Afrika\u2019da istisnai olarak Nijerya ve Nijer de bu madenleri i\u015fleten \u00fclkeler aras\u0131ndaki yerlerini ald\u0131.<\/span>
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Senegal ve Kamerun ise termik santrallerini, ihra\u00e7 ettikleri k\u00f6m\u00fcrlerle \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yor. <\/span>
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PROJELER \u0130PTAL<\/strong><\/span>
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2004 y\u0131l\u0131nda Almanya\u2019n\u0131n Kuzey Ren Vestfalya eyaletinde vatanda\u015flar\u0131m\u0131za y\u00f6nelik konferanslar\u0131m s\u0131ras\u0131nda yakla\u015f\u0131k <\/span>
10 g\u00fcn bulunmu\u015f, o s\u0131rada k\u00f6m\u00fcr madenlerinin k\u0131sa s\u00fcre \u00f6nce kapat\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u00fcrecinin ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u015fahit olmu\u015ftum. Y\u0131llard\u0131r i\u015fletilen ocaklar\u0131n art\u0131k ekonomik olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131klar\u0131, ton ba\u015f\u0131na 300 mark\u0131 ge\u00e7en maliyet yerine ba\u015fka k\u0131talardan, belki de G\u00fcney Afrika gibi \u00fclkelerden, tonu 90 mark\u0131 bulmayan k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn Hamburg liman\u0131na teslim edildi\u011fi konu\u015fuluyordu. Afrikal\u0131lar hen\u00fcz nimetlerinden faydalanamad\u0131klar\u0131 bu de\u011ferin Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc sanayi devleti i\u00e7in can simidi oldu\u011fundan haberdar bile de\u011fillerdi. <\/span>
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\u015eimdilerde ise nimetinden faydalanmay\u0131 \u00fcmit ederken, 21 Aral\u0131k 2015 tarihinde Paris\u2019te g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fclen COP anla\u015fmas\u0131 kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 devletlerce kabul edilip imzalan\u0131nca Afrikal\u0131 devlet adamlar\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6m\u00fcrle ilgili t\u00fcm hayalleri birer kabusa d\u00f6nd\u00fc. Zira art\u0131k bu madenin d\u00fcnya genelinde \u00f6zellikle enerji \u00fcretimi amac\u0131 da dahil kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 imk\u00e2ns\u0131z hale geliyordu. Bu anla\u015fman\u0131n hemen \u00f6ncesinde ba\u015flayan neredeyse b\u00fcy\u00fck projelerin tamam\u0131 ya durduruldu ya da iptal edildi. Finans temin eden \u00f6nemli kurulu\u015flar bu alana adeta bir daha d\u00f6nmemek \u00fczere veda ettiler. Mesela Kenya\u2019n\u0131n Lamu Adas\u0131, d\u00fcnya k\u00fclt\u00fcr miras\u0131 yerler aras\u0131nda yer al\u0131yor. Burada 2013 y\u0131l\u0131nda Afrika Kalk\u0131nma Bankas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n da deste\u011fi ile bizzat devletin giri\u015fimi yan\u0131nda Ummanl\u0131, \u00c7inli ve ABD\u2019li d\u00f6rtl\u00fc konsorsiyum k\u00f6m\u00fcrle \u00e7al\u0131\u015facak bir termik santral yapma projesine giri\u015fti. ABD bu hamlesinden 2019 y\u0131l\u0131 kas\u0131m ay\u0131nda \u00e7ekilince, yap\u0131m s\u00fcreci b\u00fcy\u00fck bir yara ald\u0131. Enerji \u00fcretimi s\u0131ras\u0131nda en fazla kirlilik sa\u011flamas\u0131 sebebiyle bundan \u00e7ekildi\u011fini belirtti. Hatta Afrika Kalk\u0131nma Bankas\u0131\u2019ndan bir yetkili de Afrika\u2019da art\u0131k k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn kullan\u0131m alan\u0131n\u0131n kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, bunun ge\u00e7mi\u015fe ait bir sanayi oldu\u011funu ifade etti. Yine de bu t\u00fcr konu\u015fmalar\u0131n ihtiyatla kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi ve k\u0131tan\u0131n bilhassa g\u00fcneyini \u00e7evreleyen \u00fclkelerin tamam\u0131na yak\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekleriyle \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015fmedi\u011fi ve bir kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 da biliniyor.<\/span>
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2015 y\u0131l\u0131 sonunda Paris\u2019te imzalanan COP21 anla\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan Afrika \u00fclkelerinin de kendilerini t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyay\u0131 ilgilendiren k\u00f6m\u00fcre dayal\u0131 enerji \u00fcretme i\u015fini yava\u015flatma, hatta durdurma te\u015febb\u00fcslerinden tecrit etmeleri imk\u00e2ns\u0131z g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. Zaten <\/span>
2018-2019 y\u0131llar\u0131nda d\u00fcnya genelinde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen 15 GW g\u00fcc\u00fcndeki farkl\u0131 projelerin ask\u0131ya al\u0131nmas\u0131 ya da durdurulmas\u0131 da herkesi bu y\u00f6nde kararlar almaya zorlad\u0131. Hatta k\u00f6m\u00fcr yak\u0131tl\u0131 iki \u00f6zel projesiyle toplam 940 MW\u2019lik enerji \u00fcretmeyi hedefleyen G\u00fcney Afrika Cumhuriyeti de bundan nasibini ald\u0131. Zira finans\u00f6r konumundaki bankalar\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131 desteklerini sona erdirdiler. Ne var ki, bunun tam uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131n kendilerine verece\u011fi zararlar y\u00fcz\u00fcnden i\u00e7lerinden baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n gizlice bu t\u00fcr k\u00f6m\u00fcr santrallerine Kenya\u2019n\u0131n Lamu Adas\u0131\u2019nda oldu\u011fu gibi k\u0131smi de olsa desteklerini s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyorlar.<\/span>
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ENERJ\u0130DE KAYNAK DA\u011eILIMI<\/strong><\/span>
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Uluslararas\u0131 Enerji Ajans\u0131\u2019n\u0131n verilerine g\u00f6re 2018 y\u0131l\u0131nda Afrika\u2019da enerji \u00fcretiminde do\u011falgaz y\u00fczde 39 ile birinci s\u0131rada yer al\u0131rken, onu y\u00fczde 31\u2019lik oranla k\u00f6m\u00fcr takip ediyor. Bunlar\u0131n ard\u0131ndan y\u00fczde 15 ile hidrolik, y\u00fczde 9 ile petrol ve y\u00fczde 5 ile yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklar\u0131 geliyor. Bu alanda \u015fampiyonluk G\u00fcney Afrika Cumhuriyeti\u2019nde olup t\u00fcm elektrik \u00fcretiminin y\u00fczde 86\u2019s\u0131n\u0131 k\u00f6m\u00fcrden sa\u011fl\u0131yor. Milli Elektrik \u015eirketi ESKOM ise Kusile ve Medupi\u2019de ya\u015fanan ekonomik s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lara ra\u011fmen 9.6 gigavatl\u0131k (GW) iki k\u00f6m\u00fcr santralinin in\u015fas\u0131n\u0131 devam ettirmekte kararl\u0131. Bu arada Fas, Zimbabve, Madagaskar ve Senegal gibi \u00fclkelerde de termik enerji \u00fcretiminde benzeri ama\u00e7la kurulan santraller faaliyetlerini s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyor.<\/span>
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\u00c7\u0130N DESTEKL\u0130 YATIRIMLAR<\/strong><\/span>
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K\u0131tada geli\u015ftirilme a\u015famas\u0131ndaki 29.5 GW g\u00fcce sahip enerji ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layacak t\u00fcm yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n 22.5 GW\u2019\u0131 bulan projelere tek ba\u015f\u0131na \u00c7in taraf\u0131ndan destek sa\u011flan\u0131yor. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde her t\u00fcrl\u00fc ihtiyac\u0131na katk\u0131 amac\u0131yla M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da kurulmakta olan 6 bin MW\u2019l\u0131k \u00fcnite ve benzeri Nijerya, Mozambik, Fildi\u015fi Sahili ve Etiyopya\u2019da in\u015fas\u0131 devam eden do\u011falgaz, petrol ve \u00f6zellikle g\u00fcne\u015f ve r\u00fczg\u00e2r gibi yenilenebilir imkanlarla \u00e7ok say\u0131da enerji \u00fcretimi projesi devam ediyor.<\/span>
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B\u0130NLERCE MADENC\u0130N\u0130N GELECE\u011e\u0130<\/strong><\/span>
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Uzmanlara g\u00f6re Afrika\u2019n\u0131n mevcut \u015fartlar\u0131 hemen hemen d\u00fcnya ortalamas\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok \u00fczerinde m\u00fcspet sonu\u00e7lar verse de yak\u0131n ve orta gelecekte y\u00fczde 100 yenilenebilir enerjiye ge\u00e7mesi i\u00e7in kimse \u00e7ok \u00fcmitvar olmak g\u00f6r\u00fcnm\u00fcyor. Di\u011fer taraftan, k\u0131tan\u0131n 2018 y\u0131l\u0131 itibar\u0131yla 700 teravat (TWh) olan enerji t\u00fcketimi 2040 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00fc\u00e7 kat artacak ve 2.300 TWh\u2019a \u00e7\u0131kaca\u011f\u0131 da bir ger\u00e7ek. K\u00f6m\u00fcr madenlerine sadece \u00e7evrecilik hassasiyeti ve fosil yak\u0131t olmas\u0131 sebebiyle ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131, hatta i\u015flenmesi s\u00fcrecinde pahal\u0131 bir enerji kayna\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6z\u00fcyle bak\u0131lmas\u0131 baz\u0131 hususlar\u0131 dikkatten ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131yor. Sadece G\u00fcney Afrika Cumhuriyeti\u2019ndeki madenlerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan 100 bine yak\u0131n maden i\u015f\u00e7isi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda pek \u00e7ok sekt\u00f6rdeki insan da ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131k ve santrallerdeki her t\u00fcrl\u00fc hizmette istihdam edilerek g\u00fcnl\u00fck kazan\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 bundan temin ediyor. Ba\u015fka enerji kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 devreye koymadan bu madenlerden elde edilen elektrik \u00fcretimini durdurman\u0131n do\u011furaca\u011f\u0131 ekonomik s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar bir tarafa sosyal gerginliklere yol a\u00e7aca\u011f\u0131 da biliniyor.<\/span><\/p> \t\t\t\t","slug":"afrikada-komurun-de-talihi-kara","orjinalimage":null,"news_cover_min":null,"news_cover":null,"news_video_min":null,"news_video":null,"cropped_638x552":null,"cropped_310x208":null,"cropped_416x247":null,"cropped_197x247":null,"cropped_416x600":null,"cropped_1200x675":null,"tags":"K\u00f6\u015fe Yaz\u0131s\u0131","meta_title":"Afrika\u2019da k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn de talihi kara","meta_description":"PROF. DR. AHMET KAVAS","meta_keywords":"K\u00f6\u015fe Yaz\u0131s\u0131","view_count":1128,"yt":0,"ytid":"","ytimage":null,"imgdate":"2000-01-01 00:00:00","cuff_cover":null,"cropped_358x214":null,"cropped_842x474":null}]}}